In the early days of space flight,space motion sickness and spatial disorientation were always essential medical problems in space medicine.Either of them was closely connected with visual and vestibular system in its development.Nowadays some progresses were made in the researches about brain cognitive function changes during visual or vestibular stimulation,but the effects of visual-vestibular interaction on the brain cognitive processing are still under exploration.Lots of research techniques have been used in cognitive explorations,the brain event-related potentials(ERP) with its high time resolution is an objective and convenient means.In this article,the anatomic bases of visual,vestibular system and their projection to cortex,research progresses in visual cognition explored with ERP and current phenomena about the effects of visual-vestibular interaction on brain cognitive processing were reviewed.Research directions about visual-vestibular interaction on cognitive processing were put forward in order to provide reference for future studies.

Objective:To analyze the clinical application of Bozhi glycopeptides to provide reference for its rational use in clinics . Methods:The related literatures of Bozhi glycopeptides from the databases of CNKI , Wanfang and VIP were retrieved .The main clinical application ( the number of literatures on the same disease entities was above 3) and ADR were analyzed and evaluated .Results:A total of 163 literatures were found, including 137 clinical application and 11 ADR case reports.The disease with the number of literatures a-bove 3 included condyloma acuminatum (9 literatures), herpes zoster (6 literatures), hand-foot-mouth disease (6 literatures), psoriasis vulgaris (6 literatures), lung cancer (5 literatures), repeated respiratory infection (4 literatures) and hepatitis B (9 literatures), and the total number was 45.Among them, 32 literatures (1 772 cases) involved ADR, and 49 cases (2.77%) of ADR were reported, and the main performance was skin and its appendages damage (10 cases, 20.0%).Totally 11 ADR case reports mainly involved rigors and fever (13 cases, 37.2%).Conclusion:Bozhi glycopeptides as an adjuvant drug is mainly combined with other drugs to enhance the effi -cacy of mian drugs in clinical application , which shows low incidence of ADR mainly including skin and its appendages damage .

Objective To compare theγpassing rate between measurements at actual degree gantry angle and zero degree gantry angle for dose verification of intensity?modulated radiotherapy ( IMRT) in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC) and cervical carcinoma. Methods Thirty patients with NPC and thirty patients with cervical carcinoma were randomly chosen from 87 patients with NPC and 54 patients with cervical carcinoma, respectively. Using a gamma criterion of 3 mm/3%, the γ passing rates at actual gantry angle and zero degree gantry angle were measured using ArcCHECK and compared by paired t test. Results The γ passing rate was significantly lower at actual gantry angle than at zero degree gantry angle in patients with NPC or cervical carcinoma ((93.8±3. 6)% vs. (97.8±1. 1)%, P=0. 00;(96.3±2. 1)% vs. (98.2±1. 0)%, P=0. 00). Moreover, the variation range of the γ passing rate at actual gantry angle was larger than that at zero degree gantry angle. Bothγpassing rates at actual gantry angle and zero degree gantry angle were lower in the patients with NPC than in the patients with cervical carcinoma . Conclusions Compared with that at zero degree gantry angle, theγpassing rate at actual gantry angle is closer to reality. Therefore, the actual gantry angle is recommended for dose verification. In order to meet the clinical requirement, a higher standard of γ passing rate should be proposed when zero degree gantry angle is used for dose verification.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the content of 17 amino acid in sarcocarp of northeast Empetrum nigrum simultaneous-ly. METHODS:HPLC-ELSD method was adopted. The determination was performed on Waters Symmetry C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 5.0 mmol/L heptafluorobutyric acid solution(containing 0.7% trifluoroacetic acid)-acetonitrile(gradient elution) at the flow rate of 2.0 L/min,the column temperature was 37 ℃,the drift tube temperature was set at 60 ℃. RESULTS:The line-ar ranges of glycine,serine,aminosuccinic acid,aminopropionic acid,threonine,glutamic acid,cystinol,diaminocaproic acid, histidine,arginine,proline,valine,methionine,oxyphenylaminopropionic acid,isoleucine,aminocaproic acid,phenylalanine were 0.0059-0.1877,0.0082-0.2628,0.0104-0.3328,0.0070-0.2227,0.0093-0.2978,0.0115-0.3678,0.0094-0.3004,0.0114-0.3655,0.0121-0.3880,0.0136-0.4355,0.0090-0.2878,0.0092-0.2930,0.0117-0.3730,0.0142-0.4530,0.0103-0.3280, 0.0103-0.3280 and 0.0129-0.4130 mg/mL(all r>0.9990). RSDs of precision,stability and repeatability tests were not all less than 2.0%. Recoveries were 98.0%-101.2%(RSD<2.0%,n=6). CONCLUSIONS:This method is simple,precision,stable and repeatable,and can be used for simultaneous determination of 17 amino acid in sarcocarp of northeast E. nigrum.

Objective:To obtain AP2/ERF genes from Brassica oleracea by using in silico cloning. Methods: AP2/ERF genes were cloned by retnieving the EST database and using the bioinformatics software with the Arabidopsis thaliana AP2/ERF as a querying probe. Results:Two AP2/ERF family transcriptional regulators (BoAP2/ERF1 and BoAP2/ERF2) were isolated from Brassica olera-cea by the in silico cloning method. Some characters of AP2/ERF protein were analyzed and predicted by the tools of bioinformatics in the following aspects including the composition of amino acid sequence, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, subcellular localization, secondary and tertiary structure of protein and function. Conclusion:Bioinformatical analysis shows BoAP2/ERF1 and BoAP2/ERF2 gene encode 40. 85kDa and 39. 44kDa protein with 371 and 352 amino acids. The domain is predicted to locate on nucleus. Sequence analysis indicates the protein may be involved in signaling transducer and stressing response roles in plantbiotic stresses.

Objective:To investigate the role of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1) in atorvastatin-induced reduction of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 1 ( NLRP1 ) inflammasome expression. Methods:THP-1 cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (160 nmol/L) for 12 h to be differentiated into macrophages. The medium was then replaced with serum-free medium containing lipopolysaccharide and ( or ) atorvastatin. The mRNA expression of NLRP1 and SREBP1 were detected by Real-time PCR. The protein expression of NLRP1 and SREBP1 were determined by Western blot. Furthermore, we observed the effect of SREBP1 siRNA on atorvastatin-induced reduction of NLRP1 expression. Results:Atorvastatin inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of NLRP1 and SREBP1 in the THP-1 macrophages. SREBP1 siRNA showed no significant difference on lowering NLRP1 expression when compared with atorvastatin. Treating cells with SREBP1 siRNA and atorvastatin at the same time resulted in more obvious reduction of NLRP1 expression than single use of SREBP1 siRNA or atorvastatin. Conclusion:Atorvastatin might exert anti-inflammatory effect by repressing NLRP1 expression through the SREBP1 path-way.

[Objective]This study was designed to investigate capability of the conditioned media that originated from Renca cells to convert CIM~+ CD25~- T cells into CD4~+ CD25~+ T cells,which can exert immunosuppressive effect on effector T cells in vitro and in vivo.[Methods]The common media were mixed with the conditioned media at different ratios,and fresh enriched CD4~+ CD25~- T cells with MACS were cultured in mixed media for 7 days.At end-point of culture,the cells were collected and detected phenotypes in flow cytometer.Moreover,we detected immunosuppressive effect of converted CD4~+ CD25~+ T cells on effeetor T cells proliferation in one-way mixed lymphocytes reaction by using CCK-8,and we observed survival time and histology of grafts.The delayed type hypersensitivity was determined 14 days after transplantation.[Results]The mixed media could increase ratio of CD4~+ CD25~+ Foxp3~+ T cells in conditioned media ratio-dependent(P＜0.05),compared with control groups,when the mixed media contained no mote than 75% of conditioned media.The converted CD4~+ CD25~+ T cells significantly suppress proliferation of effector T cells in vitro,and prolong survival time of grafts,which were(29.6±1.4)d in converted CD4~+ CD25~+ T cells treated groups(P＜0.05),compared with that in untreated groups(9.8±0.6 d)or PBS treated groups(10.9±0.6 d).Moreover,delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction were conducted at day 14 after transplantation in the recipients,and the results showed that less pad swelling in the group treated with converted CD4~+ CD25~+ T cells than other control groups was found,according to measurement of pad swelling.In addition,progressed to complete necrosis of grafts were exhibited in the mice treated with PBS and untreated mice,whereas better healing of grafts and less lymphocytes infiltration were displayed in the mice treated with converted CD4~+ CD25~+ T cells,which were similar to the mice treated with natural regulatory T cells.[Conclusion]The converted CD4~+ CD25~+ T cells with Renca conditioned media play suppressive role in vitro and in vivo.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients,and discuss its diagnosis and management. Methods From Jan.1991 to Apr.2007,37 cases of post-operational tuberculosis were identified out of the 2333 renal transplantations done in our center.Among them there were 19 cases with extra-pulmonary foci(51%),which involved allograft kidney in 5 cases,meninges in 4 cases,pleura in 4 cases,lymph node in 3 cases,soft issue in 2 cases,larynx,liver,vertebra and intestine in 1 case each.In 3 cases,there were 2 extrapulmonary sites involved at the same time.Most of the cases happened within one year post-transplant (53%).The most common clinical manifestation was fever. Results After anti-tuberculosis therapy,14 cases were cured and 5 were irresponsible and died.Eight cases (42%) experienced acute rejection and 4 cases(21%)had abnormal liver function during the treatment. Conclusions Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis had a high incidence and high mortality in post-renal-transplant population.Therefore,attention should be given to its differential diagnosis in clinical practice.Balancing anti-tuberculosis and anti-rejection therapy is important for this specific population.

Objective To study the clinical features,diagnosis and treatment of bladder leiomyoma.Methods The clinical data of eight patients(3 men and 5 women)with bladder leiomyoma were analyzed retrospectively.Results The median age was 42 years ( range,27 -71 years).Three patients were treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumor( TURBT),two patients underwent partial cystectomy,two patients underwent enucleation of leiomyoma,and one patient underwent laparoscopic enucleation of leiomyoma of the bladder.The patients were well with no evidence of recurrent tumor after follow-up from 10 to 75 months.Conclusion Bladder leiomyoma is rare,surgery is the treatment of choice and technique depends on tumor size and localization.The laparoscopic approach seems to be an effective alternative in this group of tumors.

Objective To characterize 5 gpl20 sequences from mainly circulating clades in China and expression of their gp120 glycoproteins. Methods gp120 genes were amplified from the PBMCs of 5 HIV-1 infected individuals in different provinces using nest PCR and their DNA sequences were determined. Sequence characteristics were analyzed and gp120 genes were sub-cloned into the mammalian expression vec-tor to produce gp120 glycoproteins. Results Sequence characteristics indicated these sequences belong to the clade Thai-B, CRF_BC and CRF_AE, respectively. There were some conservative N-linked glycosyla-tion sites and primary Furin protease cleavage motifs in the same positions within gp120 amino acid se-quences although these gp120 sequences were categorized into different clades. In comparison with referen-tial strains, amino acids deletions were found in the V1, V2, V4, V5 regions except for the V3 loop; above all, V3 tip motifs of Thai-B exhibited the more polymorphic forms than those of CRF_BC and CRF_AE. These 5 gp120 sequences were cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector and gpl20 glycoproteins were produced successfully. Conclusion Hyper-variable nature of Env should be considered while designing HIV-1 vaccine or test reagent, and gpl20 expression in vitro is helpful to further research on the Env patho-genesis and vaccine development against the mainly circulating HIV-1 isolates in China.