Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Rare Diseases ; epidemiology

Objective To assess the predictive value of body mass index(BMI),waist circumference(WC),waist-to-hip ratio(WHR)and waist-to-height ratio(WHtR)for hypertension at the population level.Methods Data from a medical center's database about 48 753 subjects who were 35 to 74 years old in Taiwan was analyzed.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was done.The areas under the ROC curves for BMI,WC,WHR and WHtR with hypertension were computed and compared.Results The AUC for every anthropometric index with hypertension was significantly larger than 0.5.Compared to BMI,WC and WHR,the AUC for WHtR with hypertension was the largest(male 0.686,95% CI:0.679～0.694;female 0.759,95% CI:0.751～0.767).The AUC for female WHtR with hypertension was significantly larger than male's.Among these AUCs,the AUC for BMI,WC,WHR and WHtR was the largest(male 0.693,95% CI:0.686～0.701;female 0.770,95% CI:0.762～0.778).Conclusions WHtR,prior to BMI,WHR,WHR,may be the best obesity-related index to discriminate adult hypertension,especially for women in Taiwan.

Objects To analysis the research status of epidemiology.Methods According to SCI database,a statistical analysis was made for the amount and distribution of published original studies in epidemiological methods in SCI from 1998 to 2007.Some characteristic index,such as the subject areas,countries distribution,study designs and research status in china were evaluated.Results The number of articles of epidemiological methods showed an increasing tendency annually.These articles are mainly from public,environmental & occupational health and analytical epidemiology.America is core country in this field.Shanghai cancer institution showed higher productive in papers in China.Most of papers were mainly published in "CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION",which ranked at the first place in China.Conclusion With the development of epidemiology,epidemiological study methods have also been continuously improved and have played an important role.In addition,Cancer Epidemiology is a focus subject in China.

Objective:To investigate the use of simple pooling and bivariate model in meta-analyses of diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) published in Chinese journals (January to November, 2014), compare the differences of results from these two models, and explore the impact of between-study variability of sensitivity and specificity on the differences. Methods:DTA meta-analyses were searched through Chi-nese Biomedical Literature Database (January to November, 2014). Details in models and data for four-fold table were extracted. Descriptive analysis was conducted to investigate the prevalence of the use of simple pooling method and bivariate model in the included literature. Data were re-analyzed with the two models respectively. Differences in the results were examined by Wilcoxon signed rank test. How the re-sults differences were affected by between-study variability of sensitivity and specificity, expressed by I2 , was explored. Results:The 55 systematic reviews, containing 58 DTA meta-analyses, were included and 25 DTA meta-analyses were eligible for re-analysis. Simple pooling was used in 50 (90. 9%) systematic reviews and bivariate model in 1 (1. 8%). The remaining 4 (7. 3%) articles used other models pooling sensitivity and specificity or pooled neither of them. Of the reviews simply pooling sensitivity and specificity, 41(82. 0%) were at the risk of wrongly using Meta-disc software. The differences in medians of sensitivity and specificity between two models were both 0. 011( P<0. 001, P=0. 031 respectively). Greater differences could be found as I2 of sensitivity or specificity became larger, especially when I2 >75%. Conclusion:Most DTA meta-analyses published in Chinese journals(January to November, 2014) combine the sensitivity and specificity by simple pooling. Meta-disc software can pool the sensitivity and specificity only through fixed-effect model, but a high proportion of authors think it can implement random-effect model. Simple pooling tends to underestimate the results compared with bivariate model. The greater the between-study variance is, the more likely the simple pooling has larger deviation. It is necessary to increase the knowledge level of statistical methods and software for meta-analyses of DTA data.

Objective To realize the isolation of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)from ward environment, and provide evidence for clinical prevention and control of MDRO transmission.Methods Patients with MDRO in-fection in a stomatology hospital from September 2012 to July 2014 were as trial group,12 randomly selected pa-tients without MDRO infection were as control group,environmental object surface in patients’ward were taken specimens and performed culture,isolated organisms were identified and performed antimicrobial susceptibility tes-ting.Results Of 44 patients with MDRO infection,13 patients’surrounding environment were detected MDROs,the total detection rate was 29.55%(13/44).The detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB),and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE)were 45.45%(5/11),66.67% (2/3)and 66.67%(6/9)respectively.Detection rates of MRSA from nasal cavity and hands of MRSA-infected patients were 72.73% and 54.54% respectively,from nasal cavity and hands of patients’caregivers were 36.36%and 18.18% respectively.The difference in bacterial count between trial group and control group was not significantly dif-ferent (all P >0.05).Conclusion Isolation rate of MDROs from ward environment of MDRO-infected patients is higher than that of non-MDRO-infected patients,monitoring,cleaning and disinfection for MDRO-infected patients’surrounding environment should be strengthened,so as to prevent the spread of MDROs in hospital.

Bilingual education is developing in the our country. Bilingual teaching faculty will directly determine the quality of bilingual education. To understand the needs of bilingual teachers,a survey was executed. Bilingual teaching team was established by teachers of school of public health of Peking University. The team investigated on related teaching faculty based on domestic development needs of bilingual education thus to provide training for bilingual teachers. Based on practice of teach-er training ,this paper aimed to explore the effective methods for improving teacher's quality and bilingual teaching ability from the training methods and contents.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of depressive and/or anxiety symptom and disorder in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) in the general hospitals.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four main cities in China in 2004.359 eligible subjects with CHD were recruited from the outpatient or inpatient departments within six months.Face-to-face interviews were used in data collection together with the self-completed HAD scale for depressive and/or anxiety symptom screening.Subjects getting a HAD score of 9 and above were further assessed for depressive and/or anxiety disorders with HAMA scales and HAMD scales by the licensed psychologists or psychiatrists.Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms,anxiety symptoms,depressive and anxiety symptoms,and total depressive and/or anxiety symptoms were 19.8%,16.7%,13.6% and 22.8% respectively in patients with CHD.Less than 4% of the subjects had been diagnosed or treated for the depressive or anxiety disorders prior to the investigation.In inpatients,the diagnosis and treatment rate was low to less than 1% during the current admission.Conclusion: It was noticeable to health care providers and health policy makers that there was high prevalence of depressive and/or anxiety symptoms and depressive and/or anxiety disorders,and low percentages of previous diagnosis and treatment in patients with CHD in general hospitals.

Objective　To study the relationship of low density lipoprotein receptor gene polymorphism and hyperlipidemia in the population with essential hypertension. Methods　People with different lipid levels including 107 hyperlipidemia，104 at margin level and 108 normal were recruited in the study. Their polymorphisms of LDL-R gene were analyzed using PCR-RFLP. Results　There were three kinds of genotype: (+/+)、(+/-)、(-/-). In male, the frequencies of the(+/-)in three study groups were shown as follows: 41.18% in hyperlipidemia, 46.15% in margin level, 19.05% in normal lipid. The frequency of (+) allele was significantly higher in hyperlipidemia than that in normal lipid (24.51%,25.00% and 11.11%, respectively). In women, the differences were not statistically significant. The nonconditional univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that (+) allele of AvaⅡ polymorphism of LDL-R was a genetic marker of male's hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions　The frequency of (+/-) hyperlipidemia in males was higher than that in normal lipid group and the (+) allele in male hyperlipidemia was significantly more frequant seen than that in normal lipid group. These results suggested that polymorphisms of LDL-Rgene might play an independent role of risk factor for hyperlipidemia.

Objective:To systematically review the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs)on two common respiratory system adverse events (RSAE:nasopharyngitis and upper re-spiratory tract infection)among type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Methods:Medline,Embase,Clinical trials and Cochrane library were searched from inception through May 201 5 to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs)assessed safety of GLP-1 RAs versus placebo or other anti-diabetic drugs in T2DM.Network meta-analysis within a Bayesian framework was performed to calculate odds ratios for the incidence of RSAE.Results:In the study,50 RCTs were included,including 1 3 treatments:7 GLP-1 RAs (exenati-de,exenatide-long-release-agent,liraglutide,lixisenatide,taspoglutide,albiglutide and dulaglutide), placebo and 5 traditional anti-diabetic drugs(insulin,metformin,sulfonylureas,sitagliptin and thiazo-lidinediones ketones).Compared with insulin,taspoglutide significantly decreased the incidence of naso-pharyngitis (OR =0.67,95%CI:0.46 -0.96).Significant lowering effects on upper respiratory tract infection were found when taspoglutide versus placebo (OR =0.57,95%CI:0.34 -0.99)and insulin (OR =0.39,95%CI:0.23 -0.73).The result from the network meta-analysis based on Bayesian theo-ry could be used to rank all the treatments included,which showed that taspoglutide ranked last with mi-nimum risk on nasopharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infection.Conclusion:Taspoglutide was associ-ated with significantly lowering effect on RSAE.

Objective To use a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR) to assess the methodological quality of published meta-analyses of intravenous fish oil interventions on clinical outcomes in postoperative or intensive care unit (ICU) patients supported with parenteral nutrition (PN).Methods PubMed,EMBASE,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,Chinese Biomedical Databases,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Database,and some other databases were searched to retrieve the eligible studies published from January 1996 to September 2013,and the relevant journals and the references of included studies were also retrieved manually.The studies were included if they were systematic reviews or meta-analyses that evaluated the effects of fish oil-enriched PN and standard PN for postoperative or ICU patients on clinical outcome.Two reviewers screened the literature according to the inclusion criteria and extracted the data.Then the AMSTAR was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies.Results A total of five relevant meta analyses were included.Based on AMSTAR,two studies were of high quality,one of moderate quality,and the other two were of low quality.Conclusions The methodological quality of these five published metaanalyses of intravenous fish oil interventions is uneven.Further large-scale and high-quality randomized controlled trials about the impact of intravenous fish oil on clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness analysis for postoperative and ICU patients are needed.