Protein kinases (PKs) are regulators of protein phosphorylation in many infectious diseases, including malaria. However, the cellular functions of majority of PKs in Plasmodium falciparum remain unknown. The mechanisms involved in P. falciparum cell cycle progress are not fully understood. The activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which constitute a PK family that includes crucial regulators of cell cycle progression in eukaryotes, is strictly being coordinated by the interaction with specific cyclins at well-defined points within the cell cycle. These cyclin/CDK complexes are very well characterised in humans, but little is known in P. falciparum. This review expand our understanding of the characteristic of CDKs and cyclins in P. falciparum, and paves the way for further investigations on the precise molecular role of these crucial regulatory proteins in mosquito and human. This represents a valuable step towards the elucidation of cell cycle control mechanisms in malaria parasites.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has become a significant worldwide health issue among Malaysians. It has become the second most common disease among men and women, with an increased mortality rate in recent years. CRC cases can be reduced with a healthy diet by increasing natural product intake. However, today most of the commercialized natural products for CRC prevention are imported and costly, which makes 80% of the Malaysian population could hardly afford them due to low and middle household income. Therefore, the present study summarizes the list of local tropical natural products that have remarkable medicinal properties effective on CRC, which are easily accessible for Malaysians, ways to consume them at home, and the economic prospects. This narrative review reviews the latest natural products' properties against CRC, excluding the plants examined in previous studies. The keywords utilized to identify the relevant articles were “Malaysia," "Colorectal Cancer," “Natural products," “Anticancer," "Antidiarrheal," "Mucositis," and "Vomit/Nausea" through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Conclusion: In conclusion, the locally available natural products have excellent medicinal properties against colorectal cancer with enormous potential medicinal properties in treating CRC and chemotherapy-induced toxicity that Malaysians can use to improve their well-being.

Cancer-induced bone pain is currently facing inadequate pain management due to unwanted side effects and relative ineffectiveness. The search for alternative therapy to alleviate pain and target a few mechanism pathways might improve survival in metastatic patients. Vitamin E which has been promoted as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-metastatic were chosen in this study to potentiate its capability in a cancer-induced bone pain rat model. Rats were randomly grouped into five groups, and a breast cancer cell line was induced into the left femur of four groups: Negative Control (NC), Alpha Tocopherol (ATF), Tocotrienol Rich Fraction (TRF) and Zoledronic Acid (ZA), whereas Sham group as healthy subjects induced with supplementary media. Pain assessment tests were carried out at four days intervals. The animals were sacrificed after 21 days following SPECT/CT imaging. Bone specimens were analyzed for ELISA and gene expression studies. The results showed that the animal model was successfully validated via the presence of abnormal uptake of the skeletal system. Pain assessment tests demonstrated that vitamin E, specifically TRF significantly alleviate pain compared to the NC group. Biomarker activity illustrated that the TRF supplement group was able to regulate the bone turnover activity comparable to the ZA treatment group. Gene expression studies signify the role of TRF supplement comparable to the ZA group in the ability to regulate osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast activation, and regulating the secretion of metastatic cancer cytokine. This finding addressed the beneficial potency of TRF compared to ATF as a therapeutic option in the management of cancer-induced bone pain.