Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an intestinal coronavirus that can cause porcine epidemic diarrhea, leading to diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and even death in piglets. Due to the diversity of PEDV strains, traditional vaccines are difficult to sustainably and effectively prevent and control PEDV. This article reviews the strategies and mechanisms of active substances in regulating intracellular signaling pathways, viral proteins, and microbial metabolites to enhance the host immune function against PEDV. It emphasizes the prevention of PEDV resistance and the potential harm of PEDV breaking through interspecies barriers to the human society, aiming to provide reliable theoretical support for the development of new antiviral drugs or vaccines.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/immunology* ; Animals ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/prevention & control* ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology* ; Coronavirus Infections/virology* ; Viral Vaccines/immunology* ; Humans ; Signal Transduction

Diabetes mellitus(DM)is an endocrine metabolic disease mainly characterized by chronic hyperglycemia,which seriously threatens the health and quality of life of human beings,and with the improvement of living standard and unhealthy lifestyle in China,the incidence of DM continues to rise and tends to be younger,so it is urgent to carry out in-depth research on hypoglycemic treatment.DM is pathologically based on absolute or relative insulin deficiency,and there is no radical cure for it,and Western medicine mostly adopts insulin injection or oral hypoglycemic drugs for symptomatic treatment,which is effective but prone to toxic side effects in long-term use.Chinese medicine has the advantages of multi-path and multi-target in treating DM,and plays a role in lowering blood sugar by promoting insulin secretion,improving insulin resistance,regulating glucolipid metabolism and anti-oxidative stress,etc.Its efficacy is remarkable and the rate of toxic side effects is low.In recent years,there have been more studies on the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine and compound prescriptions on animal models of DM.By reviewing the relevant literature in recent years,the author has systematically sorted out the mechanism of hypoglycemic action of single Chinese medicine,traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions,effective components of traditional Chinese medicine and their related experimental designs,from promoting insulin secretion,inhibiting gluconeogenesis,promoting glycogen synthesis,improving insulin resistance,inhibiting glycosidase activity,alleviating oxidative stress damage,inhibiting inflammatory response and regulating intestinal stress.The study and experimental design of the hypoglycemic mechanism of Chinese medicine were summarized in terms of promoting insulin secretion,inhibiting gluconeogenesis,promoting glycogen synthesis,improving insulin resistance,inhibiting glucosidase activity,alleviating oxidative stress damage,inhibiting inflammatory response and regulating intestinal flora,etc.,with a view to providing reference for the wider clinical application of Chinese medicine in hypoglycemia and its in-depth pharmacodynamic study.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.

Objective:Using intrapartum ultrasound monitoring to observe and analyse the impact of upright sit-ting delivery on fetal head descent and maternal and infant outcomes during the second stage of labor.Methods:This study used a prospective randomized controlled study,including 110 pregnant women with full-term and com-plete opening of the cervix who were able to undergo vaginal delivery at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospi-tal,Capital Medical University from February to September 2023.They were randomly divided into a control group(n=56)and an upright group(n=54)by simple randomization.The control group was delivered in routine supine or semi-supine positions,and the upright group was delivered in upright positions.The parturients in both groups were examined by color Doppler ultrasound at the beginning of the second stage of labor when the cervix was full-y opened to guide delivery and 30 minutes after guidance of the second stage of labor.Abdominal and perineal two-dimensional ultrasound was used to detect fetal head angle of progression(AOP),fetal head perineal dis-tance(HPD),and fetal orientation.At the same time,the time of the second stage of labor and delivery outcome were recorded.The changes in AOP,angle and position of HPD,delivery duration,and maternal and fetal out-comes between the two groups were analyzed.Results:At the beginning of the second stage of labor,there was no significant difference in AOP,HPD,and the rate of non-occipital anterior position of fetal position between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 30 minutes of guiding delivery,compared with the control group,the AOP angle in-creased,the HPD distance shortened,and the proportion of non-occipital anterior fetal position was reduced in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).At the same time,compared with the control group,the spontaneous delivery rate,the duration of the second stage of labor,forceps delivery rate,lateral perineal incision rate,perineal edema rate,and oxytocin use rate were significantly decreased in the upright position group,and all the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).All newborns were born a-live,and the 1-minute Apgar score was 10 for all newborns in both groups.There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions:When the parturient delivers in an upright sitting position in the second stage of labor,the AOP increases,the HPD shortens,and the time of the second stage of labor is accelerated to increase the natural delivery rate,reduce medical intervention,and reduce maternal and in-fant complications during delivery.