Introduction: Isolated Hoffa fracture is an infrequent injury and little research has been done on this subject. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome and complications of surgically managed Hoffa fractures with cannulated cancellous screw. Materials and Methods: Between 2011 and 2014, eight isolated Hoffa fractures in seven adult patients with mean age 39.8±11.9 years (range 25-60 years) were managed with cannulated cancellous screw of 6.5mm diameter applied in anterior to posterior direction using swashbuckler and medial parapatellar approach for lateral and medial Hoffa fractures respectively. All patients were evaluated using knee evaluation score after two years or longer. Mean follow up was 28±3.8 months (range 24-36 months). Results: All fractures in the eight patients healed clinicoradiologically by the 16th week with excellent result in 87.5% cases and good in 12.5% cases. By the end of union, the range of motion (ROM) of the knee was 0° to 110° except in two patients. One patient had ROM 10°-100° and other had 15°-90°. Mean knee evaluation score was 87.5±10.4. There was no incidence of non-union, infection or avascular changes in the patients or loss of reduction till final follow up. Conclusion: Open reduction and fixation with two 6.5 mm cannulated cancellous screws with early mobilization yielded good functional outcome in isolated Hoffa fractures.

Adult ; Female ; Hemangioma ; complications ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms ; complications ; Lipoma ; complications ; Lung Diseases ; complications ; diagnosis ; Tuberous Sclerosis ; complications ; diagnosis

Introduction: Neglected locked posterior shoulder dislocations, although rare, are quiet perplexing to manage. Various treatment methods have been explained for their management, but a consensus is still lacking. Besides describing a novel technique for the management of these lesions, this study aims to evaluate the mid-term outcome of this technique. Method: This prospective study involved seven consecutive patients with locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder with humeral defect between 25% and 50%. All patients underwent open reduction of the locked posterior dislocation with the current technique. The final outcome was assessed at a mean follow up of 3.5 years (range 2-5 years) using the DASH score. Result: The mean age of the patients was 32 years (range 21- 44) and all were men. The mean time to presentation from initial injury was 2.4 years (range 2-4 years). The patient related outcome as measured by DASH score improved from a preoperative mean of 59.1 to mean value of 8.6 at the time of final follow up. There were no cases of graft pull out, nonunion at the graft site or infection. Conclusion: This technique results in pain-free range of motion with a stable shoulder though a larger sample population with a longer follow up is required to further support our observations.

Lamivudine has been widely used in the treatment of HIV disease. A reliable, sensitive reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for lamivudine in rabbit plasma. The method was developed on Hypersil BDS C-18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a mobile phase of 0.25％ Triethylamine buffer (pH 3.0):acetonitrile (70:30, v/v). The efficient was monitored by UV detector at 256 nm. The total run time was 15 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 25-2000 ng/mL. The retention times of lamivudine and internal standard (Nelfinavir) were 8.78 min and 10.86 min, respectively. The developed RP-HPLC method can be successfully applied for the quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters determination of lamivudine in rabbit model.

OBJECTIVES: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the major burdens of disease in developing countries, and the standard-of-care treatment includes prescribing antiretroviral drugs. However, antiretroviral drug resistance is inevitable due to selective pressure associated with the high mutation rate of HIV. Determining antiretroviral resistance can be done by phenotypic laboratory tests or by computer-based interpretation algorithms. Computer-based algorithms have been shown to have many advantages over laboratory tests. The ANRS (Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA) is regarded as a gold standard in interpreting HIV drug resistance using mutations in genomes. The aim of this study was to improve the prediction of the ANRS gold standard in predicting HIV drug resistance. METHODS: A genome sequence and HIV drug resistance measures were obtained from the Stanford HIV database (http://hivdb.stanford.edu/). Feature selection was used to determine the most important mutations associated with resistance prediction. These mutations were added to the ANRS rules, and the difference in the prediction ability was measured. RESULTS: This study uncovered important mutations that were not associated with the original ANRS rules. On average, the ANRS algorithm was improved by 79% ± 6.6%. The positive predictive value improved by 28%, and the negative predicative value improved by 10%. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that there is a significant improvement in the prediction ability of ANRS gold standard.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Artificial Intelligence ; Computational Biology ; Developing Countries ; Drug Resistance* ; Genome ; HIV* ; Machine Learning* ; Medical Informatics ; Mutation Rate

Chaerophylline and berberine hydroxide, both being alkaloids, isolated from Corydalis chaerophylla and C. longipes respectively were assayed against spore germination of some fungi, e.g. Alternaria solani, A. brassicola, A. brassicicola, Helminthosporium penniseti, Helminthosporium sp., Heterosporium sp., Curvularia penniseti, C. maculens and C. palliscens. While chaerophylline inhibited spore germination of most of the fungi at 1000 ppm, being also effective at 50, 100, 200 and 500 ppm, berberine hydroxide was significantly effective at much lower concentration, i.e., 400 ppm against several fungi. This compound was also effective against some fungi at 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm. There was 100% inhibition of spore germination in several fungi at highest concentration of both the compounds. Some of the fungi showed similar results even at lower concentrations.
Alkaloids ; Alternaria ; Berberine* ; Corydalis* ; Fungi ; Germination ; Helminthosporium ; Spores

Disorders of the gut-brain interaction (DGBIs) are presently classified into mutually exclusive anatomical area-related symptom-based categories according to the Rome IV criteria. The pathophysiology of visceral nociception, which contributes to the wide range of symptoms of DGBIs, involves complex psychobiological processes arising from the bidirectional interactions of multiple systems at the gut and brain levels, which affect symptom expression and illness behaviors. The attitude toward an illness and expression of pain and bowel habit vary across cultures with variable interpretation based on sociocultural beliefs, which may not tally with the medical definitions.Thus, psychological factors impact DGBI definitions, their severity and health care utilization. Due to the poor localization and multisegment referral of visceral pain, the anatomical site of pain may not correspond to the affected segment, and there may be a variable degree of overlap among symptoms. The somewhat restrictively defined Rome IV criteria assume one-to-one correlation of symptoms with underlying pathophysiology and ignore overlapping DGBIs, nonstandardized symptom categories, and change or shift in category over time. The microorganic nature of DGBIs resulting from systemic, metabolic or motility disorders, gut dysbiosis and inflammation are not addressed in the Rome IV criteria. Although there is a multidimensional clinical profile that does address these factors, it is not followed rigorously in practice. Threshold changes for diagnostic criteria or addition/deletion of symptoms leads to wide variation among different DGBI criteria resulting in uncertain comparability of results. Although the Rome IV criteria are excellent for research studies and therapeutic trials in homogenous populations, further improvement is needed for their wider applicability in clinical practice.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an important vector-borne viral disease of humans and horses in Asia. JE outbreaks occur regularly amongst humans in certain parts of India and sporadic cases occur among horses. In this study, JE seroprevalence and evidence of JE virus (JEV) infection among horses in Haryana (India) is described. Antibodies against JEV were detected in 67 out of 637 (10.5%) horses screened between 2006 and 2010. Two foals exhibiting neurological signs were positive for JEV RNA by RT-PCR; JEV was isolated from the serum of one of the foals collected on the second day of illness. This is the first report of JEV isolation from a horse in India. Furthermore, a pool of mosquitoes collected from the premises housing these foals was positive for JEV RNA by RT-PCR. Three structural genes, capsid (C), premembrane (prM), and envelope (E) of the isolated virus (JE/eq/India/H225/2009) spanning 2,500 nucleotides (from 134 to 2,633) were cloned and sequenced. BLAST results showed that these genes had a greater than 97% nucleotide sequence identity with different human JEV isolates from India. Phylogenetic analysis based on E- and C/prM genes indicated that the equine JEV isolate belonged to genotype III and was closely related to the Vellore group of JEV isolates from India.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cloning, Molecular ; Culex/virology ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods/veterinary ; Female ; Genes, Viral ; Genotype ; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*virology ; Horses ; India/epidemiology ; RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Seroepidemiologic Studies

The seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) among equines was evaluated from January 2006 to December 2009 in 13 different states of India by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and virus neutralization test (VNT). Antibodies against JEV were detected in 327 out of 3,286 (10%) equines with a maximum prevalence reported in the state of Manipur (91.7%) followed by Gujarat (18.5%), Madhya Pradesh (14.4%), and Uttar Pradesh (11.6%). Evidence of JEV infection was observed in equines in Indore (Madhya Pradesh) where a 4-fold or higher rise in antibody titer was observed in 21 out of 34 horses in November 2007 to October 2006. In March 2008, seven of these horses had a subsequent 4-fold rise in JEV antibody titers while this titer decreased in nine animals. JEV-positive horse sera had a JEV/WNV (West Nile virus) ratio over 2.0 according to the HI and/or VNT. These results indicated that JEV is endemic among equines in India.
Animals ; Encephalitis, Japanese/blood/epidemiology/*veterinary ; *Equidae ; India/epidemiology ; Neutralization Tests ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Time Factors

Coronavirus has left severe health impacts on the human population, globally. Still a significant number of cases are reported daily as no specific medications are available for its effective treatment. The presence of the CD147 receptor (human basigin) on the host cell facilitates the severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Therefore, the drugs that efficiently alter the formation of CD147 and spike protein complex could be the right drug candidate to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Hence, an e-Pharmacophore model was developed based on the receptor-ligand cavity of CD147 protein which was further mapped against pre-existing drugs of coronavirus disease treatment. A total of seven drugs were found to be suited as pharmacophores out of 11 drugs screened which was further docked with CD147 protein using CDOCKER of Biovia discovery studio. The active site sphere of the prepared protein was 101.44, 87.84, and 97.17 along with the radius being 15.33 and the root-mean-square deviation value obtained was 0.73 Å. The protein minimization energy was calculated to be –30,328.81547 kcal/mol. The docking results showed ritonavir as the best fit as it demonstrated a higher CDOCKER energy (–57.30) with correspond to CDOCKER interaction energy (–53.38). However, authors further suggest in vitro studies to understand the potential activity of the ritonavir.