Childhood cancers are malignancies occured during childhood,which consist of blood-lymphatic system disorders and solid tumor,usually under the age of 15 years old.Among cancers of childhood,solid tumors account for the mainly proportion and most neoplasms are embryonic origin,which are distinctly different from the adult solid tumors.The pathogenesis of children with an oncologic disease,except from the 2 major elements heredity and environment,some experts consider that there are intense correlations between various carcinogenic environment exposure during pregnancy even progestation and childhood cancers.The placenta is a combination of embryo and the maternal tissues,while is a material exchanged organ between 2 parts.One part has a same origin with fetus biological and genetics,and the other provides comprehensive guarantee for fetus normal development in utero.The research of the placental disease of childhood cancers may have a breakthrough in the study of the etiology of pediatric oncology.

OBJECTIVESTo analyze the survival rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to evaluate the effect of intervention in this high risk population of NPC.

METHODSBased on the cancer and vital registry systems, the follow-up data of 1761 NPC cases were collected. The measures of survival include 5-year, 10-year survival rate and median survival duration. Cox model was used to screen the independent prognosis factors.

RESULTSThe 5-year and 10-year survival rates of NPC cases in Sihui were 50.62% and 37.01%, and the median survival duration was 5.05 years. The survival rate of NPC cases diagnosed after 1993 was 58.8%, which was higher than that of cases diagnosed before 1993 (43.3%). Other prognosis factors included gender, age, clinical stage and diagnostic hospital.

CONCLUSIONThere is a significant improvement of NPC survival in Sihui. That is mainly related to the improvement of NPC treatment. However, it needs to a long time observation to see a mortality reduction of NPC.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Survival Analysis ; Survival Rate

Childhood malignant solid tumors exhibit a wide variety of vagueness signs and symptoms in the early stage,which are usually nonspecific,therefore the diagnosis of childhood malignant solid tumor can be challenging when the disease is in the early stage.As a result,the delay of diagnosis causes mistreatment,and which makes childhood malignant solid tumors become a leading cause of death in children.Physicians should recognize the early warning signs of childhood cancer,and a good clinical history and careful physical examination can help physicians determine whether the children have cancer and make referrals in time.Some children with possible cancers require immediate initial treatment before referral to be stabilized in order to make the referrals possible and increase the chance of receiving appropriate treatment in time and the possibility of being cured,saving more children with malignant solid tumors to the maximum extent.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and environmental e-cigarette exposure among residents living in Guangzhou City, so as to provide the evidence for the development of the e-cigarette control policy. Methods: Permanent university students living in Guangzhou City were recruited as investigators from July to October 2021, and the permanent adult residents in communities where the university students lived were randomly selected as participants. Subjects' demographic features, e-cigarette use, passive viewing of e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertising were collected using both online and offline questionnaire surveys, and the association of e-cigarette use with passive viewing of e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertising were examined using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 948 questionnaires were allocated, and 874 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 92.19%. The respondents had a mean age of ( 34.96±13.76 ) years. There were 420 men ( 48.05% ), and 426 married residents ( 48.80% ). The prevalence of e-cigarette use was 14.99%, and the rate of e-cigarette use was 23.81% in men and 6.83% in women. In addition, 27.27% of respondents at ages of 35 to 44 years used e-cigarette, 479 respondents viewed e-cigarette advertising ( 54.81% ) and 510 respondents had at least once passive viewing of e-cigarette use ( 58.35% ). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that a higher frequency of exposure to e-cigarette advertising ( OR: 3.064-5.784, 95%CI: 1.683-12.620 ) and a higher frequency of passive viewing of e-cigarette use ( OR: 2.182-2.349, 95%CI: 1.094-4.526 ) led to a higher rate of e-cigarette use. Conclusions E-cigarette use is affected by passive viewing of e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertising among community residents in Guangzhou City. Supervision and restriction is recommended for e-cigarette advertising, marketing, and use in public places.

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and the causes of misdiagnosis of skull base chondrosarcoma.Methods The clinical data of 7 cases of skull base chondrosarcoma confirmed by pathology from April 2009 to February 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.Results Only 1 case of preoperative diagnosis was correct in 7 cases of skull base chondrosarcoma, other 6 cases were misdiagnosed, of which 2 cases were misdiagnosed as trigeminal schwannoma, 3 cases were misdiagnosed as chordoma, 1 case was misdiagnosed as meningioma,the misdiagnosis rate was 85.7％.Conclusion Chondrosarcoma of the skull base is rare, so clinicians are lack of knowledge, and non-characteristic clinical features and non-characteristic radiographic manifestations contribute to misdiagnosis.Strip calcification on CT and honeycomb reinforced on enhanced MRI existing at the same time,which prompts to diagnosis chondrosarcoma of the skull base.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of prenatal ultrasonography and magnatic resonance imaging in the fetal intracranial hemorrhage. Methods The 20 antenatal diagnosed ICH cases was collected from 31 200 prenatal diagnosis units in Guangzhou Women and Children′s Medical Center from July 2012 to June 2014. Maternal characteristics, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging findings, clinical course, and postnatal outcome were reviewed. Results Twenty consecutive cases of fetal ICH were evaluated. All cases were diagnosed at mid or third trimester. Transabdominal ultrasound showed 9 cases of hyper echoic lesions in the lateral ventricle, 2 cases of hypoechonic lesions, 2 cases of irregular mixed echo in the parenchyma, 1 case of hyperechoic cerebellar hemisphere with infarction, and 1 case of abnormal choroid plexus. Seventeen cases were associated with ventriculomegaly, brain compression or brain midline displacement. MRI showed the nodular, patchy or linear low signal on T2WI and high signal on T1WI. Some cases were combined with cortex lesions or abnormal parenchyma. ICH was complicated with other structural abnormalities:1 case of cleft palate, 2 cases of spinal deformity and 3 cases of other cerebral cortical malformations. Prenatal diagnosis results were:2 cases diagnosed as positive cytomegalovirus infection and no chromosome abnormalities found in all cases. The follow up results were:1 case was lost, 16 cases were terminated after prenatal diagnosis. Among the 3 survival cases, 1 case has the neurological complication and the other two were normal till now. Conclusions Fetal intracranial hemorrhage has some image features on ultrasound and magnetic resonance. Ultrasound showed hyper echoic lesions with ventriculomegaly. MRI showed the nodular, patchy or linear low signal on T2WI and high signal on T1WI. MRI may contribute to the accuracy of diagnosis, particularly in bleeding site. The regular ultrasonic monitoring is helpful to improve the detection rate.

Objective To investigate the value of routine MRI in determining placental grading and the relationship between placental apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)value and the gestational age(GA)in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Methods 52 women with singleton pregnancies were referred for MRI examination for underlying maternal or fetal lesions or malformations identified by ultrasound(US).Subjects were divided into three groups according to the GA:group Ⅰ at 18 -26 weeks(n=29);groupⅡat 27-33 weeks(n=14);group Ⅲ at 34-40 weeks(n=9).DWI protocol included 2 sets of b-values:0 s/mm2,200 s/mm2,800 s/mm2 and 50 s/mm2,200 s/mm2,800 s/mm2,and ADC values of the two groups were calculated and correlated with GA by simple linear regression.Results Half-fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo(HASTE)sequence could clearly define the 3 layers of placenta and determine the grading of placental aging.ADC values with b values of 0 s/mm2,200 s/mm2and 800 s/mm2were correlated negatively with GA (r= -0.900,P<0.001).However,ADC values with b values of 50 s/mm2,200 s/mm2and 800 s/mm2did not show any statistical correlation with GA(r= -0.037,P=0.795).Conclusion MRI can visualize the morphological changes of the placenta during the pregnancy.With a set of b-values at 0 s/mm2,200 s/mm2and 800 s/mm2,placental ADC values are found to have decreasing tendency as the pregnancies progress in the second and third trimesters.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a very common disease, and the prevalence in the general population has recently increased. GERD is a chronic relapsing disease associated with motility disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Several factors are implicated in GERD, including hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter, frequent transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, esophageal hypersensitivity, reduced resistance of the esophageal mucosa against the refluxed contents, ineffective esophageal motility, abnormal bolus transport, deficits initiating secondary peristalsis, abnormal response to multiple rapid swallowing, and hiatal hernia. One or more of these mechanisms result in the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, delayed clearance of the refluxate, and the development of symptoms and/or complications. New techniques, such as 24-hour pH and multichannel intraluminal impedance monitoring, multichannel intraluminal impedance and esophageal manometry, high-resolution manometry, 3-dimensional high-resolution manometry, enoscopic functional luminal imaging probe, and 24-hour dynamic esophageal manometry, provide more information on esophageal motility and have clarified the pathophysiology of GERD. Proton pump inhibitors remain the preferred pharmaceutical option to treat GERD. The ideal target of GERD treatment is to restore esophageal motility and reconstruct the anti-reflux mechanism. This review focuses on current advances in esophageal motor dysfunction in patients with GERD and the influence of these developments on GERD treatment.
Deglutition ; Electric Impedance ; Esophageal Motility Disorders ; Esophageal Sphincter, Lower ; Esophagogastric Junction ; Esophagus ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Gastrointestinal Contents ; Hernia, Hiatal ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypersensitivity ; Manometry ; Mucous Membrane ; Peristalsis ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Phenobarbital ; Prevalence ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; Relaxation ; Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

AIM: To study protective effects of the extract from Toona sinensis seeds on gastric mucosal injury in experimental mice. METHODS: The mice were given 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg of Toona sinensis seeds every day for 2 weeks and ethanol or aspirin was used to induce gastric mucosa injury model. The gastric mucosal injury index and injury inhibition rate were calculated, the levels of SOD, MDA in serum and the contents of ET-1, PGE

INTRODUCTIONIn the past several decades, declining incidences of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have been observed in Chinese populations in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Los Angeles, and Singapore. A previous study indicated that the incidence of NPC in Sihui County, South China remained stable until 2002, but whether age, diagnosis period, and birth cohort affect the incidence of NPC remains unknown.

METHODSAge-standardized rates (ASRs) of NPC incidence based on the world standard population were examined in both males and females in Sihui County from 1987 to 2011. Joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to quantify the changes in incidence trends. A Poisson regression age-period-cohort model was used to assess the effects of age, diagnosis period, and birth cohort on the risk of NPC.

RESULTSThe ASRs of NPC incidence during the study period were 30.29/100,000 for males and 13.09/100,000 for females. The incidence of NPC remained stable at a non-significant average annual percent change of 0.2% for males and -1.6% for females throughout the entire period. A significantly increased estimated annual percent change of 6.8% (95% confidence interval, 0.1%-14.0%) was observed from 2003 to 2009 for males. The relative risk of NPC increased with advancing age up to 50-59 and decreased at ages >60 years. The period effect curves on NPC were nearly flat for males and females. The birth cohort effect curve for males showed an increase from the 1922 cohort to the 1957 cohort and a decrease thereafter. In females, there was an undulating increase in the relative risk from the 1922 cohort to the 1972 cohort.

CONCLUSIONSThe incidence trends for NPC remained generally stable in Sihui from 1987 to 2011, with an increase from 2003 to 2009. The relative risks of NPC increased in younger females.

Age Factors ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Carcinoma ; China ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; Sex Factors ; Singapore ; Taiwan