Introduction: The National Clinical Practice Guideline in Tuberculosis (TB) was designed to improve the quality of tuberculosis care. However, it remains unknown whether primary care doctors adhere to it well. This audit aims to assess the quality of care in the process of TB contact tracing in a primary care setting. Methods: Data on TB contact tracing from 1st February 2013 to 15th February 2013 was obtained retrospectively from all medical records of diagnosed pulmonary TB in a public primary care clinic. All patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Results: A total of 102 medical records of adult TB contacts were recruited. The median age of the TB contact was 34 (IQR=10) years and 65 % were male. Seventy two percent of the adult TB contact had a TBIS 10C3 form created, and 95% of the medical records were fully documented. History taking and physical examination were recorded on 97% and 99% of patients respectively during the first follow-up at the polyclinic. Eighty five percent and 100% of the patients had a chest-x-ray and sputum direct smear for acid-fast bacilli done respectively. The turn-up rate for the first, second, third and fourth visit was 100% to 32%, 10% and 2% respectively. Conclusion: The quality of care for adult TB contacts tracing in this clinical audit was found to be suboptimal. There is a difference between the current national guidelines and practice in the clinic. Certain measures to improve the quality of care for adult TB contact tracing are urgently needed.
Tuberculosis

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been associated with the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and chronic diseases. Sexual dysfunction data of male patients infected with HIV are still scarce in Malaysia, and ED appears to be under-reported. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence and predictors of ED among male HIV patients at the University Malaya Medical Centre. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among male HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) attending the outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital in Malaysia. A systematic random sampling method was employed in the selection of respondents. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire with a 15-item international index of erectile function (IIEF-15). An appropriate statistical analysis was used to determine the associate and potential risk factors. Results: A total of 220 males participated in this study with a mean age of 37.9±9.9; prevalence of ED among HIV patients was 82.3 % (n=180). The severity of ED was further categorized into: severe (24.1%), moderate (19.1%), mild to moderate (20.9%), and mild (18.3%). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients with a lower educational background were more likely to be associated with ED (odds ratio [OR] 2.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-6.72; p- value 0.046). Conclusion: This study reports that ED was prevalent among adult HIV males who are on an ART regimen. Those with a lower educational background are more likely to have ED. Hence, in managing patients with HIV, physicians should seek to identify those patients at risk of developing ED for further intervention.

Introduction: Widespread use of the internet is a relatively recent phenomenon that is affecting different cultures worldwide in both positive and negative ways. This study aimed to determine the gender differences in the internet addiction among medical students in public university. Methods: 426 medical students from year one to four were invited to participate in the study. For data collection, we used a self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic and internet usage questions, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21). Results: There were a total of 426 (270 female and 156 male) medical students included in this study. IA was high in both male and female students. There was a higher proportion of male students (44.9%) found to be addicted compared to female students (32.2%). There were positive correlations between the DASS21 and IAT scores for both male and female students. For female students, longer hours spent online daily (p-value = 0.02), as well as high anxiety (p-value < 0.001) and depression scores (p-value = 0.037) were found to be most strongly associated with IA. Among male students, factors associated with IA were the availability of internet access at home (p-value=0.02) and high anxiety scores (p<0.001). Conclusion: IA was high in both male and female medical students, with higher anxiety raising the risk in both groups. In female students, a higher depression score was also found to be associated with IA
Internet addiction

Introduction: Internet is important to university students, especially for medical students who use it to search for literature and relevant information. However, some of the users are experiencing a gradual loss of the ability to reduce the duration and frequency of their internet activities, despite the negative consequences. The literature on internet usage among Malaysian medical students is limited. This study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with internet usage among medical students in a public university in Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among all the medical students (Year 1-5). Students were assessed on their internet activities using the internet addiction questionnaires (IAT). A Multiple Logistic Regression was used for data analysis. Results: The study was conducted among 426 students. The study population consisted of 156 males (36.6%) and 270 females (63.4%). The mean age was 21.6 ±1.5 years. Ethnicity distribution among the students was: Malays (55.6%), Chinese (34.7%), Indians (7.3%) and others (2.3%). According to the IAT, 36.9% of the study sample was addicted to the internet. Using the multivariate logistic regression analysis, we have found that the use of internet access for entertainment purposes (odds ratio [OR] 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-12.00), male students (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.01-3.21) and increasing frequency of internet usage were associated with internet addiction (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.09- 1.67). Conclusion: Internet addiction is a relatively frequent phenomenon among medical students. The predictors of internet addiction were male students using it for surfing and entertainment purposes.
Internet ; Students, Medical

Introduction: This study aimed to validate the Malay version of the short form Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-M-SF) and to examine its psychometric properties in a cohort of pre-university adolescents. Methods: We obtained the validity and reliability evidence for the SAS-M-SF using a group of 307 pre-university students in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia with a mean age of 18.4±0.2 years (70.4% female and 29.6% male). A questionnaire containing the Malay version of Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-M), the Malay version of the short form Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-M-SF), and the Malay version of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT-M) was administered on the adolescents. Results: The SAS-M-SF displayed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.80). Using principle component analysis, we identified a 4-factor SAS-M-SF model. A significant correlation between the SAS-M-SF and the IAT-M was found, lending support for concurrent validity. The prevalence of smartphone addiction was 54.5% based on cut-off score of ≥36 with a sensitivity of 70.2% and a specificity of 72.5%. Conclusions: The 10-item SAS-M-SF is a valid and reliable screening tool for smartphone addiction among adolescents. The scale can help clinicians or educators design appropriate intervention and prevention programs targeting smartphone addiction in adolescents at clinical or school settings.

Background: Research has found that social network, social support and religiosity are associated with depression in elderly people. However, these predictors of depression have not been fully explored among the high risk elderly population. This study aims to examine the prevalence and factors associated with depression among Malaysian elderly subjects who had experienced major life events. Methods: This is a cross-section study of a subsample of 594 participants from the original sample of 2322 Malaysian elderly respondents, who had experienced major life events. Information on socio-demographic, social network, social support, religiosity and depression were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with depression among elderly who experienced major life events. Results: Overall prevalence of depression among subsample of Malaysian elderly facing major life events was 9.4%. The results showed that age (p≤0.01), income (p≤0.001) and social network (p≤0.05) were significant associated with depression. In other words, with increasing age, low income as well as small social network associated with high risk of developing depression among elderly who had experienced major life events Conclusion: Other than age and income, social network were also associated with depression among elderly respondents who had experienced major life events. Therefore, professionals who are working with elderly with major life events should seek ways to enhance elderly networking as one of the strategies to prevent depression.

This case report illustrates how a primary care physician managed a 60-year-old woman with severe obesity, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and low self-esteem for many years. Through a primary care physician, bariatric surgery is recommended for patients with severe obesity, which is then co-managed in a tertiary hospital through a multidisciplinary team. Primary care physicians are on the front lines when treating patients with severe obesity. A number of studies have shown that primary care physicians have low success rates in counselling and managing patients with severe obesity.(1,2) There is also a debate about bariatric surgery being unsuitable for the elderly age. It is crucial to intervene early to prevent obesity progression and its complications. Clinical inertia is one factor that hinders patients with severe obesity. Therefore, it is essential to address the problem of severe obesity early and should not miss the opportunity to counsel the treatment options and refer these patients to bariatric surgery if indicated. Primary care physicians are also crucial in providing continuity of care after bariatric surgery.

Background: Neurophobia is defined as the fear of neural sciences and clinical neurology. Our study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with neurophobia among family medicine specialist trainees in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among family medicine specialist trainees. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with neurophobia. Results: A total of 415 subjects were enrolled into this study. The prevalence of neurophobia was 66% (n=274/415). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, having poor knowledge in neurology (odds ratio [OR] 3.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.87-7.94), those with self-declared phobia toward neurology or neuroscience subject (OR 2.56 95% CI 1.30-5.03); those whose practice were in government sector (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.09-2.88); those who perceived basic neuroscience (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.67) and the complex clinical examination were important (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.19-3.72); and those who perceived textbooks were not a useful method of learning (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.05-3.02) were more prone to have neurophobia. Conclusion: Two-thirds of family medicine specialist trainees in Malaysia found neurology a difficult subject. Among the factors associated with neurophobia were those with poor knowledge in neurology, and those who self-declared to have phobia toward neurology or neuroscience subject.

Introduction: Hypertension contributes to major cardiovascular morbidities and mortalities worldwide and medication compliance is crucial in achieving target blood pressure control. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with non-compliance towards anti-hypertensive medication in Malaysia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study among hypertensive patients who were attending the medical outpatient department, Hospital Serdang from March until May 2018. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit patients and a structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information. Non-compliance is defined as attaining a score of 26 and below from the Medication Compliance Scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS v. 23. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of medication non-compliance among hypertensive patients. Results: A total of 120 respondents were recruited into this study with a response rate of 60.9%. Mean age of the study respondents was 60.82 ± 11.25 years old. They were predominantly female (60.8%), Malay (58.3%) and attained at least secondary educational level (75.0%). The prevalence of non-compliance towards anti-hypertensive medication was 25%. Multiple logistic regression showed that side effects of medication (OR=5.59; 95% CI=1.29-24.21, p=0.021), traditional medications usage (OR=19.19; 95% CI=3.90-94.45, p=<0.001), health advice counsellors (OR=35.31; 95% CI=2.03-35.31, p=0.003) and duration of hypertension (OR=3.38; 95% CI=1.05-10.91, p=0.042) were predictors of non-compliance to anti-hypertensive medications among hypertensive patients Conclusion: Our study reported that those with longer duration of hypertension, suffered from side effect of medication and have experience in usage of traditional medicine are the predictors of medication non-compliance.

Acute coronary syndrome is a medical emergency with a high mortality and morbidity. Reperfusion therapy is widely used in its management. Ocular complications following reperfusion therapy is rare. A 51-year-old man treated with streptokinase, antithrombotic and dual antiplatelet therapy, developed mild proptosis following treatment. After four days, there was sudden worsening of the proptosis associated with orbital compartmental syndrome (OCS). The CT scan of the orbit showed a large spontaneous subperiosteal orbital hemorrhage (SSOH) occupying half of the left orbit. Despite performing an urgent lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis, the patient developed irreversible vision loss due to compressive optic neuropathy. While a few cases of mild SSOH have been reported in the medical literature, this is the first documented case of secondary bleed in SSOH. Early recognition and intervention by the treating physician, is crucial in preventing blindness.