The quantity or function deficiency of blood vessel grafts hinders many diseases from proper treatment,so tissue engineered blood vessels have gained high attentions.As a crucial component of the tissue engineered blood vessels,how the seed cells can obtain the physiological functions as normal endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells has been focused on.Stem cells are multi-potential and are regarded as proper seed cells.However,it is still a question that which stem cells among a variety of stem cells is the most suitable seed cells for tissue engineered blood vessels.In this review,we make a comparison among kinds of stem cells such as haemopoietic stem cells,bone mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells.We also state their characteristics respectively,and intent to acquaint with their function comprehensively.Thus,this review may provide some references for further studies.

Objective To study the effect of dexamethasone to protect flaps from an ischemia-reperfusion injury and elucidate its mechanism of regulating the death course of the neutrophils. Methods The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups.The vein of the rat was clamped for 8 h after the flap had formed. Group A: the normal flap; Group B: the saline control flap; Group C: the treatment flap with dexamethasone. The survival area of the flaps was measured at 7 days; the apoptotic and necrotic neutrophils,tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) concentrations were measured. Results The flap survival are as in Groups A and C were larger than those in Group B. The apoptotic neutrophils in Group B were fewer than those in Groups A and C on the 1st and 3rd days after operation; however, they were more in number in Group B than in groups A and C on the 6th day. The necrotic cells in Group B were more in number than those in Groups A and C. In Group B, the plasma TNF-α concentration reached the maximum level at 1 h,while the IL-10 level reached the lowest 3 h after the reperfusion. In Group C, the TNF-α concentration was lower than that in Group B and decreased dramatically at 6 h. The IL-10 concentration was the lowest at 1 h, and increased rapidly at 3 h.Thus,ischemia-reperfusion could injure the flaps, probably through the abnormal action of the neutrophils, such as the disordered secretion of the cytokines and abnormal death course of the neutrophils. Conclusion Dexamethasone can protect the flap from an ischemia-reperfusion injury by its regulation for the neutrophil function.

Objective To investigate the mechanism and effect of TMP on melanocytes.Methods MTT method, NaOH-assay and Takahashi method were employed to measure the proliferation, melanin synthesis, tyrosinase activity of melanocytes. Results TMP induced a mild effect on melanocytic proliferation ( p

Objective To explore a new method for reconstruction o f full-thickness defect of eyelid. Methods The composed skin flap which was lined the expanded forehead skin flap with oral mucosa were transferr ed to the defect of eyelid and then sutured anatomically to the eyelid skin. Fou r months later, the composed flap was divided to reconstruct upper and lower eye lids and put an artificial eye into it. Results The appearance and function of the eyelid was partly recovered. Conclusion The reconstruction of full-thickness eyelid defect with expanded and prefabricated skin flap with grafted mucosal liner is better and reliable.

To investigate the effect of bFGF and sucralfate on the improvement of the quality of expanded skin flap, white piglets were employed to establish a continuous tissue expansion model. They were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1: both bFGF and sucralfate were injected; group 2: both bFGF and normal saline was injected; and group 3(the control group):only normal saline was injected. Three days after completion of the expansion ,normal and expanded skin flaps were created at random to assess flap viability and stretch back .The results showed that the flap survival length in group 1 was significantly larger than that of the control group and normal random flap( P

BACKGROUND:Recent studies have demonstrated that growth factor, as a molecular signal, regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, immigration and metabolism. Its expression and regulation play an important role in the chronic wound healing.OBJECTrVE: To observe the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the expression of VEGF receptor (VEGFR), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) mRNA in wound tissue, and elucidate the mechanism of VEGF in promoting wound healing.DESrGN: Controlled animal experiment.SETTING: Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS: Six New Zealand rabbits, aged 48-60 months, were involved in the experiment. Nanosphere-coated recombinant plasmid DNA eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1/myc-hisA-VEGF166 was donated by Master Jia Ning, who was from Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. METHODS: This experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital from October 2004 to June 2005. ①VEGF (VEGF165) was taken as target gene to construct eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1/myc-hisA- VEGF165. Nanosphere- VEGF165 complex was used. Three round excisional wounds, 6 mm in diameter, were created over the ventral surface of ears of anesthetized rabbits, and cartilage was exposed. Gelatin sponge thin slice dipping 100 μL nanosphere-VEGF165 complex was spread on unilateral wounds of each rabbit, and aseptic sealing membrane was spread on outer layer, serving as VEGF group; Gelatin sponge thin slice dipping 100 μL nanosphere without plasmid load was spread on contralateral wound, serving as control group; Skin of rabbit ear subterminal to circumcise region served as normal group. ② At postoperative 14 days, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to observe the changes in the expression of VEGFR, bFGF and PDGF mRNA in wound tissue. ③ At postoperative 14 days, wound was took as center, and square tissue mass with size of 1 cm×1 cm (full-thickness rabbit ear included) was excised and prepared into sample, then which was stained by haematoxylin & eosin (HE). Under the optical microscope, the growth of newly regenerated granulation tissue was observed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expression of VEGFR, bFGF and PDGF mRNA in wound tissue. RESULTS: ①HE staining results showed the growth speeds of granulation tissue and epithelium tissue in VEGF group were obviously faster than those in the control group. ②RT-PCR detected a significantly higher expression of VEGFR, bFGF and PDGF mRNA in the wound tissues in VEGF group than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.05) and normal group (P＜ 0.01).CONCLUSION: Exogenous VEGF up-regulates the expression of VEGFR, bFGF and PDGF mRNA in wound tissue. VEGF may act on its receptor and play an important role in promoting wound healing through its interaction with other cytokines.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the efficacy and safety of ferrous succinate or Shengxuening in the adjuvant treatment of renal anemia in patients with diabetic nephropathy peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). METHODS:64 diatetic nephropathy CAPD pa-tients with renal anemia were randomly divided into observation group (32 cases) and control group (32 cases). All patients re-ceived subcutaneous injection of insulin for blood glucose control (adjusted the insulin dosage based on fasting blood glucose lev-els),hypertension patients actively controlled blood pressure,corrected acid-base and electrolyte balance disorders,orally received fo-lic acid and vitamin B12,ambulant CAPD,then rhEPO was subcutaneously injected with initial dose of 100-150 U/(kg·week) for 2-3 times and other conventional treatment. Based on it,observation group received 1 g of Shengxuening tablet,3 times a day;control group received 0.2 g Ferrous succinate tablet,3 times a day. The treatment course for both groups was 16 weeks. The rhEPO dose was monthly adjusted to make Hb 100-120 g/L. Clinical efficacy,serum iron,serum ferritin,total iron binding capacity,transfer-rin saturation before and after treatment,Hb,Hct,hs-CRP,rhEPO dose before treatment and after 4,8,12 and 16 weeks of treat-ment,and the incidence of adverse reactions in 2 groups were observed. RESULTS:There was no significant difference in the total effective rate between 2 groups (P>0.05). After treatment,serumiron,total iron binding capacity,transferrin saturation,Hb and Hct in 2 groups were significantly higher than before,and it gradually increased by treatment time,serum ferritin,hs-CRP was sig-nificantly lower than before,and it gradually decreased by treatment time,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);but there was no significant difference between 2 groups(P>0.05). The rhRPO dose in observation group 8,16 and 16 weeks af-ter treatment and in control group 8 weeks after treatment were significantly lower than 4 weeks after treatment,and 12 and 16 weeks after treatment in observation group were lower than control group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in observation group was significantly lower than control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Based on conventional treatment,both ferrous succinate and Shengxuening show good ef-ficacy in the adjuvant treatment of renal anemia with diabetic nephropathy CAPD,both can improve anemia and iron metabolism, while Shengxuening is superior to ferrous succinate in terms of improving microinflammatory state and reducing rhEPO dose,with better safety.

Objective To examine how ischemic time under common temperature affects acute rejection by using a rat vascularized skin transplantation model.Methods Vascularized groin flaps were transplanted from BN to Lewis rats with 1,2,3 and 4 h of ischemic time (Isc-1 h,2 h,3 h,4 h groups) under common temperature,and the allografts in each group were evaluated daily.Groin flaps were transplanted from Lewis to Lewis rats as control group.Biopsy samples taken from the each group on the postoperative day 2-8 were graded for signs of acute rejection.Biopsy samples taken from each group on the postoperative day 6 were stained for chemokine receptor CXCR3.Results When the ischemia time was 1,2,3 and 4 h,the survival time of the grafts was (9.0 ± 1.2),(8.6 ±1.1),(8.8 ± 1.3),and (7.0 ± 0.8) days respectively.The survival time in Isc-4 h group was significantly shorter than in other groups (P＜0.05).Histological evaluation showed acceleration of activated lymphocyte infiitration in the Isc-4 h group as compared with other g.roups.Furthermore,the proportion of CXCR3 positive cells in the Isc-4 h group was (50.1 ± 8.4) ％,significantly higher than that in the other groups on the day 6 after transplantation.Conclusion When ischemic time was over 3 h,the immune response is accelerated.The acceleration is associated with the higher expression of CXCR3 in the infiltrated cells.

Objective To understand acute rejection differences between untreated recipients and rapmycin-treated recipients in a rat free flap allotransplantation model. Methods Brown groin free flaps were transplanted to Lewis recipients. In the treated group, recipients were treated with rapamycin at the dose of 4 mg/kg every day from day 0 to day 14 after transplantation. In the untreated group, recipients didn't receive any treatment. Allografts were evaluated clinically and histologically. Results Allografts in the treated group showed epidermolysis as sign of rejection.Rejection sign of untreated grafts was ischemic necrosis of whole skin. In histological evaluation, the treated grafts showed "band-like" lymphocytes infiltration in the upper dermis when rejection occurred, while the untreated grafts showed thrombosis in the subdermal vessels. Conclusion The differences between the two groups implied that embolization may be responsible for the rejection of free flap allotransplantation in rat model.

BACKGROUND:Dragon’s blood is the main ingredient of traditional medicine prescription for promoting granulation, which has been used in clinical treatment of a variety of refractory wounds and achieved the exact effects. But the Dragon’s blood effect on colagen secretion from normal fibroblasts has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Dragon’s blood extract on the proliferation and secret function of fibroblastsin vitro. METHODS: Dragon’s blood was extracted by extracts chloroform, acetoacetic ester, and alcohol in turn. Normal human fibroblasts were respectively cultured in Dragon’s blood extracts of chloroform, acetoacetic ester, and alcohol, DMEM containing 1% dimethyl sulfoxide, and normal culture medium. Then, the fibroblasts were cultured in vitro in different media containing gradient dilutions of Dragon’s blood extracts (0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 2, 20 g/L), which was folowed by cel proliferation determination assessed with MTT assay. Under the optimal concentration, the cel growth curves were drawn and the flow cytometry was used to determine the changes of cel cycle. The concentration of procolagen type III in the supernatant of the fibroblast culture systems was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:0.2 g/L-2 g/L dilution of Dragon’s blood extracted by acetoacetic ester enhanced the proliferation of fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. The 2 g/L was the optimal dilution of Dragon’s blood extracted by acetoacetic ester, and it increased the ratio of S cels in cel cycle than control group and decreased procolagen type III. These findings indicate that Dragon’s blood acetoacetic ester extract can improve the proliferation of cultured human fibroblastsin vitro, and decrease the secretion of procolagen type III of fibroblasts, and it can be beneficial to improve wound healing and inhibit hypertrophic scar.