Aim To observe the effect of agiophyllum oligo saccharides ( AOS) on reducing blood sugar, im-proving insulin resistance on diadetic Goto-Kakizaki ( GK) rats, and to explore the possible mechanism. Methods The type 2 diabetes GK rats were divided into six groups: model control group ( MC ) , Glenn benzene urea group ( GLB ) , high agriophyllum squar-rosum coarse oligosaccharides ( AOS-H ) , medium ( AOS-M ) , low dose group ( AOS-L ) , homologous Wistar rats as normal control ( NC ) . All animals were administered with AOS by oral gavage, for 8 weeks. The fasting blood glucose ( FBG) , random blood sugar ( RBG) , glucose tolerance ( OGTT) were tested before and after administration. No fasting sugar load status before and after dosing changes in blood glucose and serum insulin level in rats were measured in the previ-ous 8 weeks. At the end of administration, the fasting serum glucose ( FPG) , insulin ( FINS) , OGTT and in-sulin resistance index ( HOMA IR) in fasting rats were analyzed. Lastly, the pathological changing of pancreas was observed by HE staining. Results The blood glucose of fasting GK rats was not influenced after using AOS. However, the random blood glucose significantly reduced, the glucose tolerance was improved and AUC was obviously reduced (P < 0. 01) after using AOS. The best effect was on AOS-M group, which was similar with Glenn benzene urea. Through our research, we found AOS could promote release of insulin. This best effect was on AOS-M and AOS-L groups, and the time and quantity of release were better than Glenn benzene urea. Finally, AOS inhibited the pathological changes of islet tissue on GK rats, increased the quantity of pancreas and islet cells. Compared with model group, the changing of islet structure was significantly reduced in AOS group. Conclusion AOS could obviously improve insulin resistance and lower blood sugar, and the mechanism of this effect may be related with rapidly promoting insulin release, increasing the islet cell proliferation,and improving the function of islet.

BACKGROUND: Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins is involved in the complications of diabetes mellitus. Previous experiments have demonstrated that total flavones of buckwheat flower (TFBF) could improve carbohydrate tolerance. However, it is little known whether TFBF inhibit the non-enzymatic glycation of proteins.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influences of TFBF on the non-enzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) of proteins in vivo and in vitro.DESIGN: Completely randomized controlled trial.SETTING: Department of Pharmacology, North China Coal Medical College.MATERIALS: Totally 75 adult SD rats , of clean grade, weighing (200±20) g, including 38 female rats and 37 male rats, were provided by the institute of experimental animals, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Certification No. SCXK11-00-0006). TFBF was extracted by our laboratory from flowers of buckwheat. The blood glucose kit was purchased from Beijing Biosino Biotechnology Company Ltd. Penicillin (Batch No.031020, 8×105 U) and streptomycin (Batch No. 030920, 1×106 U) were purchased from North China Pharmaceutical Company. Streptozotocin and BSA were purchased from Sigma Company. Fructosamine kit was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, and the other chemicals were analytical pure produced domestically.METHODS: This experiment was carried out in the Department of Pharmacology, North China Coal Medical College from March to October 2004.In the first experiment, in vivo macromolecular AGEs was measured: ①Modeling and grouping: Rats were divided into 3 groups according to body mass: Normal control group (n=15), the rats were treated with 8 mL/kg normal saline intraperitoneally. Streptozotocin-treated group (n=45), the rats were fasted for 16 hours and then treated with 80 mg/kg streptozotocin of 8 mL/kg intraperitoneally. Twenty-two hours later, the blood of all rats was harvested from vena caudalis to measure the level of blood sugar.Those with fasting blood glucose ≥ 15 mmol/L were acted as diabetic rats.Streptozotocin-treated group were divided into 3 subgroups, 15 rats in each subgroups. Each rat was given intragastric administration of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg TFBF. Model group (n=1S): Rats were only treated with 80 mg/kg streptozotocin of 8 mL/kg . The rats in normal control group and model group were given the same volume of salt water. The administration was once a day for 12 weeks successively. ②Measurement of fasting blood glucose: After the last administration, the rats of streptozotocin-treated group were fasted for 12 hours and the blood was harvested from vena caudalis. The fasting blood glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. ③The levels of blood plasma and nephridial tissue fructosamine and macromolecular AGEs were measured: The rats of each group were anesthetized with ethyl ether on the second day following the last administration. Blood was chosen from carotid artery, and plasma was separated.Kidneys were taken at the same time, prepared into 100 g/L tissue homogenate and centrifuged at low temperature. The levels of fructosamine in plasma and the supernatant fluid of kidney homogenate were measured according to the instructions of the kit. AGEs in plasma and renal tissue were determined by fluorospectrophotometer. The products of macromolecular AGEs were calculated. In the second experiment, in vitro macromolecular AGEs were measured as below: 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 mg/L TFBF of 6 mLrespectively was prepared with solution A (0.2 mol/L glucose, 2×l06 U/Lpenicillin, 2×106 U/L streptomycin , PBS containing 20 g/L bovine serum albumin). Control groups were set: ① without TFBF, ② without TFBF and glucose, ③ without BSA, ④ without glucose. Five parallels of each sample were sterilized by filtration and incubated in the attemperator at 37 ℃. The fluorescence of AGEs (F) in the culture was determined at the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks. Inhibition ratio (IR) was calculated and the inhibition of TFBF on AGEs was observed.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In the first experiment, the levels of fasting blood glucose, fructosamine in kidney and plasma, and AGEs were measured. In the second experiment, the inhibition of TFBF on AGEs in vitro was measured.RESULTS: In the first experiment, 75 rats were involved, and 56 successful rats entered the stage of result analysis. The levels of blood glucose,fructosamine in kidney and plasma of rats in the model group were significantly higher than those of rats in the normal control group (t=7.572,10.186, 5.794,P ＜ 0.01 ). The level of blood glucose of rats in the 3 subgroups was significantly lower than that of rats in the model group (t=3.357,4.382,3.938,P ＜ 0.05-0.01); The levels of fructosamine in kidney and plasma of rats in the 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg TFBF groups were significantly lower than those in the model group (t=5.109, 4.605, 3.731,3.097,P ＜ 0.05-0.01 ). The levels of AGEs in plasma and kidney of rats in the model group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group (t=6.463, 12.704,P ＜ 0.01 ), while the levels of AGEs in plasma of rats in the streptozotocin-treated group were similar to those in the model control group (P ＞. 0.05), and those in kidney of rats in the streptozotocintreated subgroups were significantly lower than those in the model group (t=9.845, 12.799, 12.899,P ＜ 0.01 ). In the second experiment, the level of macromolecular AGEs of each group was gradually increased with ime.TFBFcould inhibit the formation of macromolecular AGEs in dose- and time-dependent manner.CONCLUSION: TFBF obviously inhibited the formation of AGEs of proteins in vivo and in vitro.

This study was aimed to observe the antibacterial activity and bactericidal action ofC.albicans in vitro, and the effects of curing monilial vaginitis mouse by extraction of globeflower residue fermentation (EGRF) in vivo.In vitrostudy, test tube method as well as plate method were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) ofC.albicansrespectively.In vivo, mouse were devided into normal controlled group,C. albicans vaginitis model group (Model), Model + EGRF (40, 80, 160 mg?kg-1) group, and fluconazole group (20 mg?kg-1). All drugs were vaginal delivery once a day with continuous administration for seven days. Then vulva inflammation, negative rate of vaginal discharge, microbial load of vaginal lavage and the pathological changes of vaginal mucosa were observed. After the treatment of EGRF, the MIC and MBC of Candida albicans were 0.31 mg?mL-1 and 1.25 mg?mL-1, respectively, while the potency unit ratios between EGRF and fluconazole of MIC and MBC were 2 to 1 and 1 to 1, respectively. In comparison with Model, vulva inflammation of Model + EGRF gourp and fluconazole group was improved, whileC. albicanscount in vaginal secretions of these two groups were decreased, the overcast rate ofC. albicansof vaginal douche was increased, and pathological changes of vaginal mucosa were also improved in the two groups, which were in dose-dependent manners. And high dose Model + EGRF group was close to fluconazole group. In conclusion, EGRF had obvious inhibitory effect onC. albicans in vitro. It also had a better therapeutic effect onC. albicans vaginitis mouse.

37 diabetic patients and 49 normal subjects were examined with Goldmann-Weekers dark adaptometer.The results showed that the absolute thresholds of dark adaptation in each group of diabetic patients were higher than those in normal controls. The more severe retinopathy was, the higher was the absolute threshold.The patients with more damaged visual acuity showed worse dark adaptation. However the dark adaptation in patients with good visual acuity was also abnormal.lt is suggested that dark adaptation is more sensitive than visual acuity in determining the visual function of diabetic patients.

Aim To explore the vasodilative effect on rat thoracic aortic ring of total flavonoids of Buckwheat flowers and leaves(TFBFL) and the underlying mechanisms.Methods Isometric tension measurements were used to study the effect of TFBFL on isolated rat thoracic aorta rings.Laser scanning confocal microscope was employed to measure the concentration of intracellular free calciums.Results In aorta rings precontracted with phenylephrine or potassium chloride,TFBFL caused a dose-dependent relaxation in both endothelium-intact and denuded rings and the relaxant effect of TFBFL was more potent on endothelium-intact aorta rings than that on endotheliumdenuded aorta rings(P

In order to amplify the complete genome of enJSRV from the strain of Inner Mongolia (enJSRV-NM), we used enJSRV-specific and JSRV-specific DNA probes in dot blot hybridization. Seven pairs of primers were designed based on Genbank sequences. Seven fragments were obtained by PCR and were cloned into the PMD19- T vectors. The recombinant plasmids were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that the genome was 7 942 bp in length and contained four overlapping open reading frames corresponding to the gag, pro, pol and env genes as well as an additional open reading frame (orf-x) that overlaps the 3' end of the pol gene. The nucleotide acid sequences of the enJSRV-NM loci were compared with the sequences of South Africa enJS56A1 strain (Accession No. AF153615) and USA JSRV21 strain (Accession No. AF105220). The nucleotide acid identities were 99.2% and 92.3% respectively. Two zinc fingers were found in the NC region in the predicted amino acid sequence. However, the YXXM motif, which is a reliable molecular marker for the infectious exogenous virus, was not found in the TM region. It was found that the enJSRV-NM region was 90%-98% identical at the amino acid level to its exogenous infectious counterparts in most of the retroviral genome. This is the first nucleotide sequence of enJSRV reported in P.R China. The resource work has provided a wide range of information useful not only for expression genomics and annotation of genomic DNA sequence, but also for further research on the clinical diagnosis of OPA.

n-Octanol/ water partition coefficients (Kow ) is an important parameter commonly used to explain toxicity, activity and transmembrane of drugs. However, it is difficult to be detected by direct experimental determination. In this work, a set of 29 neutral and acidic analogues of naphthalene and anthraquinone with reliable experimental Kow data was chosen as model compounds for establishing linear relationship between the logarithm of apparent n-octanol/ water partition coefficient (lgKow), and the logarithm of reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) retention factor of the solutes corresponding to neat aqueous fraction of mobile phase (lgkw ) as the quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) model. Methanol-water mixture was used as mobile phase at various pH, and retention time (tR ) was rectified by a dual-point retention time correction (DP-RTC) in this method. The experiment results indicated that the proposed QSRR model had good correlation coefficient R2 = 0. 974 -0. 976 with satisfactory results of internal and external validation (the cross-validated correlation coefficient R2cv of 0. 970-0. 973, and 1. 4% ≤relative error (RE)≤7. 9% for all the 6 verification compounds). In addition, this QSRR model was compared with linear solvation energy relationship ( LSER) involved in different descriptors of molecular structure, showing no differences. The QSRR model was applied to measure Kow of 11 naphthalenes and anthraquinones, and the predicted data were compared with Shake-flask method (SFM) experimental ones, as well as calculated ones obtained by software. The results suggested that the proposed method for Kow determination in this work was more accurate, simple and fast. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on measuring Kow data for these compounds. The proposed strategy provides the possibility in determining Kow of lipophilic components in complex mixture more quickly and accurately by RP-HPLC.

Objective:To observe the inhibitory effect on ?-glucosidase of 10 kinds Chinese herbs and to screen the Chinese herbal medicines which have great inhibitory effect on ?-glycosidase.Methods:The ?-glucosidase was extracted from small intestine of rat.The amount of glucose was measured with produced from substrate of malt sugar.The inhibitory effect of 10 kinds of Chinese herbs on ?-glucosidase was observed by this enzyme reaction system.Then disposable gastric perfused malt sugar(2 g/kg) and the extraction screened at the same time,detected the levels of blood glucose after 60 min.The positive control group is acarbose(ACAR) group.Results:The three kinds Chinese herbs(Chishao,Shanzhuyu and Sangbaipi) showed very good inhibitory activities,and they showed obviously concentration-effect curve relationship.Among them,the inhibitary activity of Sangbaipi is stronger than Chishao and Shanzhuyu.While the dose of Sangbaipi reached 10mg/mL,the inhibition rate arrived 80%,which effect was equivalet to the dose of 1mg/ml acarbose.The results of postprandial blood glucose in vitro showed us:Sangbaipi,Chishao and Shanzhuyu can inhibit postprandial blood glucose levels in rats that have been disposable gastric perfused malt sugar after 60min(P0.05).Conclusion:The three kinds of Chinese herbs(Chishao,Shanzhuyu and Sangbaipi) can inhibit ?-glucosidase activity obviously in both vitro and vivo.

Aim To investigate the influence of total fl avones of buckwheat flower (TFBF) on the productivity of the non-enzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vivoand vitro. Methods TFBF in different dosages (0.1 g?kg -1?d -1,0.2 g?kg -1?d -1,0.4 g?kg -1?d -1) was taken orally by streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 12 wk. After the treatment, blood glucose, fructosamine and AGEs in plasma and kidney were measured. Meanwhile, glucose and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were incubated with TFBF at different concentrations (0.01 mg?L -1,0.05 mg?L -1,0.10 mg?L -1) respectively for 4,8,12 wk.The fluorescence intensity of glycated BSA was detected by a spectrophotometer BSA was detected spectrophotometer.Results TFBF significantly lowered the level of blood glucose in diabetic rats (P