Based on the theory of biological protection, this paper introduces the present situation of foreign and Chinese biological protective equipments.Some countermeasures are put forward concerning the development of Chinese biological protective equipment.

This paper mainly introduces some related problems of biosafety and biosafety laboratory. It also mentions the present situation of worldwide biosafety laboratory and gives out some proposals.

Objective To compare the therapeutic effects of transureteroscope holmium laser lithotripsy ( URL) and retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy ( RLU) for unilateral upper ureteral calculi and evaluate the selection of indications and clinical value of URL and RLU .Methods 37 patients were enrolled into the study . 14 patients received URL ,23 patients received RUL .Double-J stent was routinely indwelled in both groups .The oper-ation time,hospitalization time,clearance rate of the stone and incidence of postoperative complications .Results The stone clearance rate after postoperation of RLU group was 100%, which was significantly higher than that of URL group 64.4%(χ2 =4.15,P<0.05).The mean operation time in RLU group was(132.0 ±7.8)min,which was sig-nificantly longer than URL group(46.5 ±7.2)min(t=6.23,P<0.05).The mean intraoperative blood loss of RLU group was(38.0 ±4.6)mL,which was significantly higher than URL group (10.0 ±3.2)mL(t=5.20,P<0.05). The postoperative complication rate of RLU group was 8.7%,which was significantly lower than URL group 21.5%(χ2 =4.06,P<0.05).There was no significant difference in hospitalization time and stone clearance rate between the two groups(P>0.05).Two cases converted to operation in URL group ,while only 1 case converted to operation in RLU group.Conclusion Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy has a higher stone clearance rate and shorter operation time compared with ureteroscopic lithotripsy .Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy is a safe and effective therapeutic method for unilateral upper ureteral stones .

This paper introduces a novel trousers,whose theory is to drive blood by inflated pressure.Being light-weight,small and effective,easy to carry,store and operate,it is postured for first aid and resuscitation of hospital patients with severe shock,and also can be applied to bleeding remission,hemorrhagic as well as fracture immobilization.

The composition and development of foreign army's medical equipments are discussed,of which,medical equipments for satisfying the requirements of informatized war,NBC protection and MOOTW are paid special attention to.Foreign army also tries hard to enhance medical equipment's capabilities in rapid response and theatre survivability.The advices for development of PLA's medical equipment are also put forward based on the analysis on its present situation.

to be resistant to antibiotics.

ObjectiveTo evaluate magnesium sulfate and compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte in bowel preparation before capsule endoscopy.MethodsA total of 81 patients were randomly divided into two groups.Group A (n =41 ) received compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte,and group B (n =40) received magnesium sulfate combined with compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte. Positive detection rate,intestinal preparation score,the incidence of capsule retention and solution quality,liver and kidney function were compared between those two groups.ResultsThe positive detection rates of capsule endoscopy were 65.9％ (27/41) in group A and 62.5％ (25/40) in group B,which were nonsignificantly different (x2 =0.099,P ＞ 0.05).The intestinal preparation scores of 19 patients in group A were ≤4 and those of 22 patients were ≥6,while those of 28 patients in group B were ≤4 and of 12 patients were ≥6,which were significantly different (x2 =4.653,P ＜ 0.05). The rates of capsule retention of group A and B were 2.4％( 1/41 ) and 5.0％ (2/40) respectively,which were not significantly different (x2 =0.372,P ＞ 0.05 ).Obvious abdominal pain,nausea or vomitting occurred in no patients of the two groups.There was no difference in electrolyte level or liver and kidney function between those two groups (P ＞ 0.05 ).ConclusionMagnesium sulfate combined with compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte is applicable for the bowel preparation before capsule endoscopy.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of enteral nutrition (EN) on intestinal permeability in patients with active ulcerative colitis (AUC). MethodsTwenty-four A UC patients were randomly divided into two groups:routine treatment group (n =11 ) and routine treatment plus EN group (n =13). Patients in routine treatment group were treated with mesalazine as well as low-residue diet, while patients in routine treatment plus EN group received mesalazine and short peptide EN for 14 days. The ratio of lactulose to mannitol in urine (L/M) before and after treatment was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. ResultsThe L/M ratio was 0. 039 ± 0. 025 in routine treatment group and 0.072 ± 0.019 in routine treatment plus EN group (P =0.069). After 2 weeks of treatment, the L/M ratio of routine treatment plus EN group (0.038 ± 0.012 ) was significantly lower than the pretreatment level (P =0.043 ), while the L/M ratio of routine treatment group between before and after treatment had no significant difference (0.039 ± 0.025 vs. 0.032 ± 0.022, P =0.730). ConclusionEN can effectively improve the intestinal permeability in AUC patients.

BacKground:AchaIasia of cardia is categorized into 3 subtypes by Chicago cIassification criteria defined by high-resoIution manometry( HRM). These different subtypes present different cIinicaI and esophageaI dynamic characteristics. Aims:To study the cIinicaI and esophageaI dynamic characteristics of patients with achaIasia of cardia categorized by Chicago cIassification criteria. Methods:Twenty-five untreated achaIasia of cardia patients from January 2012 to ApriI 2014 at Beijing Friendship HospitaI,CapitaI MedicaI University were enroIIed. CIinicaI data incIuding cIinicaI symptoms, manifestations of endoscopy and barium meaI radiography and data of HRM were anaIyzed retrospectiveIy. Results:Of the 25 patients,5 patients(20. 0%)were cIassified as type Ⅰ,15(60. 0%)as type Ⅱ and 5(20. 0%)as type Ⅲ. AII patients compIained as having dysphagia,and 26. 7%( 4/15 ) of type Ⅱ patients had chest pain. Incidences of regurgitation in typeⅠ,ⅡandⅢwere 60. 0%(3/5),53. 3%(8/15)and 20. 0%(1/5),respectiveIy,no significant difference was found among the three types(P>0. 05). Incidences of diIatation of esophagus in type Ⅰ,ⅡandⅢwere 60. 0%(3/5),73. 3%(11/15)and 20. 0%(1/5),respectiveIy,no significant difference was found among the three types (P=0. 11). No differences in Iength of Iower esophageaI sphincter(LES),abdominaI LES Iength,LES resting pressure, upper esophageaI sphincter( UES)resting pressure and integrated reIaxation pressure( IRP)among the three types were found(P>0. 05). Incidences of muItipIe swaIIowing and spontaneous UES reIaxation were 32. 0%(8/25)and 24. 0%(6/25),respectiveIy,no significant difference was found among the three types(P>0. 05). Conclusions:Of the patients with achaIasia of cardia ,typeⅡis more common. Large-sampIe muIticenter studies are needed for further research.

Objective To evaluate the detection of serum pepsinogen (PG) in screening of gastric cancer. Methods (1) To calculate the detection rate of gastric cancer in PG Positive patients from northeastern, noah-western and northern China. (2) To determine the PG positive rate in patients with chronic superficial and atrophic gastritis. (3) To calculate the detection rate of gastric cancer, H. pylori infection and esophageal cancer in PG positive patients from gastric cancer high risk areas. Results (1) The detection rate of gastric cancer in PC, positive patients from Changchun (northeastern China), Xihing (northwestern China) and Beijing ( northern China) was 22. 58%, 25. 2% and 0, respectively. The sensitivity of PG to seeen gastric cancer in Changchun and Xihing was 50. 9% and 35.6%, and the specificity was 82. 56% and 85.69%, respectively. (2) Only 25% of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis were PG positive. (3) The serum PG level was measured in 2346 cases from gastric cancer high risk areas, and PG positive rate was 27.02% (634/2346), in which 496 patients (76. 65%, 496/634) received endoscopy, and gastric cancer was detected in 10 (2. 02%, 10/496), including 9 cases of early gastric caner. The prevalence of gastric cancer was 0. 43% in common population and 1.58% in PG positive population. The infection rate of H. pylori was 70. 73% in 2346 subjects and 2 cases of esophageal cancer, including 1 case of early cancer was diagnosed. Conclusion Serum PG level cannot be used as a marker for gastric cancer or atrophic gastritis, while it may be of value for gastric cancer screening in high risk areas.