Objective To evaluate the neurotoxic effects of intrathecal (IT) chloroprocaine on the spinal cord in rats. Methods Forty male SD rats weighted 180 ～250g, which IT catheters were successfully placed, were randomly divided into 4 groups( n = 10 each). Group NS received normal saline 40 μl IT, group CP_1 received 2% chloroprocaine 40 μl IT, group CP_2 received 3% chloroprocaine 26.7 μl IT, and group CP_3 received 3% chloroprocaine 40 μl IT. The onset time of bilateral hindlimb paralysis were recorded. Degree of motor block was assessed and scored before (T_1, baseline) and at 10, 30, 60, 120, and 150 min (T_(1-6)) after IT injection. On the 3rd day after IT injection , specimens were obtained from lumbar spinal cord for mincroscopic examination. Results The onset time of bilateral hindlimb paralysis in group CP, and CP_3 was shorter than that in group CP_1. The onset time of bilateral hindlimb paralysis in group CP, was shorter than that in group CP_2. The motor block scores in group CP_1 and CP_2(T_(2-4))and group CP_3(T_(2_5)) were higher than that in group NS. The motor block scores in both group CP_1 and CP_2 at T_(4-5) was lower than group CP_3. The tissue damage in group CP_3 was severer, compared with group CP_1 and CP_2. Conclusion Large dose of 3% chloroprocaine may produce neurotoxicity to the spinal cord.

Objective To investigate the association between gene polymorphism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) in Qinghai Han population.Methods Ninety cases of Graves disease were selected from June 2011 to February 2014 in The People's Hospital of Qinghai Province,and the 90 patients were divided into two subgroups according to GO (49 cases) and GD without GO(41 cases).Then the genotype and allele of CTLA-4 exon 1 (+ 49A/G) were detected in surum by the method of polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Results The distribution of CTLA-4 exon 1 (+ 49 A/G) genotype frequencies (AA,AG,GG) was not different between GO and GD without GO subgroups [4.1％ (2/49) to 7.3％ (3/41),44.9％ (22/49) to 61.0％ (25/41),51.0％ (25/49) to 31.7％ (13/41),Fisher exact probability,P =0.180 ＞ 0.05]; the distribution of CTLA-4 exon 1 (+ 49A/G) allele frequencies (A,G) was not different between GO and GD without GO subgroups [26.5％ (26/98) to 37.8％ (31/82),73.5％ (72/98) to 62.2％ (51/ 82),x2 =2.622,P＞ 0.05].Conclusion CTLA-4 gene exon 1 (+ 49A/G) may not be a candidate susceptibility gene for Qinghai Han GO.

Objective To explore the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced iNOS expression and NO production in rat Schwann cells by the use of inhibitors PD98059 selective for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(EPK1/2), SB202190 for P38 MAPK and SP600125 for the c-Jun NH_2-terminal kinase (JNK). Methods Schwann cells were pretreated with PD98059 (30, 50, 70?mol/L), SB202190 (10, 20, 40?mol/L) and SP600125 (10, 30, 50?mol/L) at the indicated concentrations for 1 hour before the stimulation with LPS (10mg/L) for 4 hour. The estimation of iNOS mRNA, IL-6 mRNA and TNF-? mRNA was performed by RT-PCR; the changes of iNOS protein expression were investigated by Western blotting. The NO level was observed with measurement of nitrite in the cell culture medium. Results LPS could significantly activate MAPK signal pathway and lead to the expression of iNOS and NO production. The iNOS expression and NO production induced by LPS stimulation were significantly inhibited by the three highly specific inhibitors of MAPK. In addition, the inhibitors decreased LPS-induced the expression of IL-6 mRNA and TNF-? mRNA. Conclusion Activation of MAPK pathway is involved in iNOS expression and NO production in rat Schwann cells, and the inhibition of the signal transduction pathway can be effective to reduce the production of iNOS and NO, which may be a useful strategy against inflammatory and immune reaction after peripheral nerve injury.

The synthetic biology matures to promote the heterologous biosynthesis of the well-known drug paclitaxel that is one of the most important and active chemotherapeutic agents for the first-line clinical treatment of cancer. This review focuses on the construction and regulation of the biosynthetic pathway of paclitaxel intermediates in both Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In particular, the review also features the early efforts to design and overproduce taxadiene and the bottleneck of scale fermentation for producing the intermediates.

Objective To investigate the correlation between gene polymorphism of protein tyrosinephosphatase,non-receptor type22 (PTPN-22) and Graves disease (GD) in Qinghai Tibetan.Methods One hundred and thirty Tibetan cases of GD were selected randomly from July 2012 to November 2016 in the People's Hospital of Qinghai Province;meanwhile,110 normal control cases were selected randomly fron the Qinghai Tibetan.All the subjects were non-related Tibetan residents of Qinghai nationality,who had no thyroid disease and other autoimmune diseases,and had no family history of autoimmune diseases.Then genotype and allele of PTPN-22 were detected by the method of polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Results The Hardy-Weinberg balance test was used to examine the representativeness of the control group and the GD group (P ＞ 0.05).The suggested samples have population representativeness and can be used in population genetics research.The distribution of PTPN-22 exon 14 (1 858C/T) genotype frequencies (CC,CT,TT) did not differ between normal control cases and GD in Qinghai Tibetan [95.45％ (105/110) vs 93.08％ (121/130),4.55％ (5/110) vs 6.92％ (9/130),0 (0/110) vs 0 (0/130),x2 =0.613,P ＞ 0.05].The distribution of PTPN-22 exon 14 (1 858C/T)allele frequencies (C,T) did not differ between nornal control cases and GD in Qinghai Tibetan [97.73％(215/220) vs 96.54％ (251/260),2.27％ (5/220) vs 3.46％ (9/260),x2 =0.015,P ＞ 0.05].Conclusion There is no significant relationship between the polymorphisms of PTPN-22 gene exon 14 (1 858C/T) and GD.

Objective To investigate the correlation between gene polymorphism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and Graves disease (GD) in Qinghai Tibetan.Methods Using retrospective analysis methods,totally 130 cases of GD were selected randomly from June 2012 to November 2016 in the People's Hospital of Qinghai Province;meanwhile,110 normal control cases were selected randomly from Qinghai Tibetan.Then the genotype and allele of CTLA-4 were detected by the method of polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR).Results The distribution of CTLA-4 genotype frequencies (AA,AG,GG) was different between normal control cases and GD in Qinghai Tibetan [6.2％ (8/130) vs 26.4％ (29/110),50.0％ (65/130)vs 58.2％ (64/110),43.8％ (57/130) vs 15.4％ (17/110),x2 =32.105,P ＜ 0.05].Allele (A,G) frequencies were compared between GD and control,the differences were statistically significant [31.2％(81/260) vs 55.5％ (122/220),68.8％ (179/260) vs 44.5％ (98/220),x2 =28.834,P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion Polymorphisms of CTLA-4 exon 1 (49A/G)genotype and allele are closely correlated with GD in Qinghai Tibetan.

To investigate the association of the gene polymorphism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4(CTLA-4)with Graves'ophthalmopathy(GO)in Qinghai Tibetans. 130 case of Graves'disease(GD)were selected from June 2013 to November 2016 in The People's Hospital of Qinghai Province. These patients were assigned into 2 groups,GO(n=71)and GD without GO(n=59). The genotypes and alleles of CTLA-4 gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP). Distribution of CTLA-4 exon 1 (+49A/G)genotype frequencies(AA,AG,and GG)was different between 2 groups.

Marked by the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC, Shanghai health care started a journey of reform and opening up as with other sectors. This essay reviews various stages Shanghai health care experienced and the achievements for the last 30 years since reform and opening up, and analyzes the challenges Shanghai health care faces currently. On this basis, the essay summaries the experiences and lessons learned from Shanghai health care reform and development.

To investigate the significance of GATA-2 and immunoglobulin heavy chain germline gene C( micro ) (IgH germline gene C( micro )) expression and coexpression in various leukemia cells, GATA-2 and IgH germline gene C( micro ) mRNA in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells from 63 leukemia patients were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No GATA-2 or IgH germline gene C( micro ) mRNA were detected in normal bone marrow and peripheral blood. GATA-2 mRNA were be detected in 91.3% patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 75% patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as well as 83.3% patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP); IgH germline gene C( micro ) mRNA were be identified in 47.8% AML, 41.6% ALL, as well as 5.6% CML-CP. All patients with CML-AP and CML-BC expressed GATA-2 mRNA and partly expressed IgH germline gene C( micro ) mRNA. 47.8% AML and 41.6% ALL patients coexpressed GATA-2 and IgH germline gene C( micro ) mRNA. GATA-2(+) IgH germline gene C( micro )(+) cells of AML and ALL were mainly HLA-DR positive. As aberration of the transcription factors, GATA-2 and germline IgH germline gene C( micro ) gene might been linked to leukemogenesis. Various expression of GATA-2 and germline IgH germline gene C( micro ) gene in leukemia might correlated with the heterogeneous differentiation level of leukemia cells. The fact that leukemia with GATA-2(+) IgH germline gene C( micro )(+) coexpression indicated multilineage impairment of hematopoietic cells.

Objective:To realize the bacterial distribution and antibiotic resistance in children with severe pneumonia in this region.Methods:A total of 203 children with severe pneumonia diagnosed in Gansu Provincial People′s Hospital from April 2018 to March 2020 were divided into 0-1, 1-3, 3-7 and 7-14 years old groups.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected for bacterial culture and identification, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed.Results:The positive rate of pathogens was 69.5% (141/203), including 72.3% (102 strains) of Gram-negative bacteria and 30.5%(43 strains)of Gram-positive bacteria.The infection rates were highest in 0-1 years old group and the lowest in 7-14 years old group, which were 45.2%(19/42) and 16.9%(10/59), respectively.The infection rates of Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli and Branhamella catarrhalis in the 1-3 years old group were 30.30%(10/33), 33.33% (11/33), and 21.21% (7/33), respectively, which showed significant differences compared with other groups( P<0.05). The infection rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the 0-1 years old group was 42.9%(18/42), which was significantly different compared with other groups ( P<0.001). The resistance rate of Haemophilus influenzae to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was 89.5%(34/38), and the Streptococcus pneumoniae to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline were both 82.4%(28/34). The highest antibiotic resistance rate of Escherichia coli was 34.6%(9/26), and the Branhamella catarrhalis to clindamycin was 56.3%(9/16). Conclusion:The dominant bacteria for severe pneumonia in children are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Branhamella catarrhalis.The bacterial infection rate is highest within 1 year old, but gradually decreases with the increase of age.Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae have severe resistance to several antibiotics.