Objective To study radiation protection of low dose CT scanning in orbit. Methods 126 cases of orbital disease were scanned by original standard parameter (130 kV,100 mA) and two different low dose parameters (130 kV,50 mA and 30 mA) respectively. All the images were reconstructed by different Kernels. The image quality and difference of the CTDIw (weighted CT dose index) of each group were compared. Results CTDIw was 30% of that of the conventional scanning and least when 130 kV 30 mA,but the difference of the image quality compared with that by conventional scanning was highly statistical significance (P0.05). Conclusion Low dose CT scanning (50mA) in orbit not only can assure the image quality but also can decrease the radiation dose.

Objective To analyze the epidemiologic features of visceral leishmaniasis in different age groups in China from 2005 to 2012,and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and treatment of the disease.Methods The visceral leishmaniasis cases were obtained from China disease epidemic monitoring information system from 2005 to 2012.All the cases were divided into subgroups by demographic characteristics:infant (＜1 year old),childcare (≥1 and ＜4 years old),child (≥4 and ＜15 years old),adult (≥15 and ＜65 years old) and senior adult (above 65 years old).The epidemiologic features,such as gender,season of disease onset and area distribution of visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed.Results The total reported visceral leishmaniasis from 2005 to 2012 were 2 979,among which cases in infant,childcare,child,adult and senior adult were 24.9％,21.7％,20.0％,32.4％ and 1.0％,respectively.Infant cases were most reported in April; childcare cases in December which began to increase since September; child cases in October and adult and senior adult in March.The reported cases were mainly from Xinjiang,Gansu and Sichuan areas.However,age characteristics differed among regions,which were mainly infants,both childcare and children,and adults,respectively in this three areas.The duration from onset to diagnosis was shortest in infant group (11 d) and longer in adult group (15 d).Conclusions The number of visceral leishmaniasis cases in different age groups peaks in different months.Regional distribution is not even.Cases are most concentrated in Xinjiang,Gansu and Sichuan areas.Infants predominate in Xinjiang,childcare and children in Gansu and adults in Sichuan.

Objective: Combining with national drug sampling program,to evaluate the current quality situation and problems of compound Yinqiao and paracetamol and chlorphenamine maleate capsules by testing and analyzing 78 batches of samples collected from the realm of drug production and circulation all over the country in 2015.Methods: As the current standard could not control the product quality, and combined the prescribed examination with exploratory research, the method of HPLC was used to determine the contents.GC and TLC was respectively used to identify peppermint oil and study on forsythin.Near infrared spectrum database was established by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which provided the basis for rapid testing.The results of the prescribed examination and exploratory research were statistically analyzed.Results: There were significant differences in the results of the prescribed examination and exploratory research.Conclusion: The results of exploratory research show that there are many defects in the statutory standards.The product quality of different manufactures was divers, and it is necessary to guide them to improve the preparation process and the quality.More exclusive, accurate and sensitive methods should be used to comprehensively control the quality.

Objective To evaluate the value of spiral CT and 3D reconstruction in diagnosis and treatment of tibial plateau fractures.Methods 25 cases with tibial plateau fractures were examined with plain radiograhs,spiral CT and 3D reconstruction during July,1998 to December,2000.The tibial plateau fractures were classified according to Schatzker′s classification on the X-rays and 3D reconstruction images.On the superior view the tibial plateau fractures were divided into anterior lateral,posterior lateral,anterior medial and posterior medial fractures.Results 3D reconstruction images of 25 plateau fractures were the same as what arthroendoscopy were.25 fractures(including 23 arthroscopic management fractures)were operated under 3D reconstruction guide.No one case was infected.The treatment was valid.Conclusion Spiral CT and 3D reconstruction can offer more accurate classification and complement to new spatial classification of fractures.Also can provide better planning and management for the tibial plateau fractures.

OBJECTIVETo prepare the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres and composite alginate-chitosan-PLGA microspheres containing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and to evaluate their SOD activities.

METHODSThe SOD-PLGA microspheres were prepared by W/O/W emulsification method, and the composite microspheres were prepared by two steps:alginate-chitosan microcapsules were first prepared by a modified emulsification and ion crosslinking method, and then they were further dispersed in PLGA to form the composite microspheres. The SOD concentration was determined by Coomassie method, its activity was measured by xanthine oxidase system.

RESULTSThe SOD activity was less sensitive to temperature and sensitive to pH, organic solvents, ultrasound and vigorous stir without iced bath. The entrapment efficiencies of SOD in PLGA (50:50) microspheres, PLGA (70:30) microspheres, alginate-chitosan microcapsules, the composite PLGA (50:50) microspheres and the composite PLGA (70:30) microspheres were 36.42%±1.81%, 66.18%±0.05%, 91.08%±1.28%, 87.30%±3.89% and 83.19%±3.48%, respectively. In vitro release tests demonstrated that the SOD activities in 50:50 composite microspheres were higher than that in the PLGA ones at 1 h, 8 h and 1 w.

CONCLUSIONThe composite alginate-chitosan-PLGA microspheres for SOD sustained release can significantly improve the protein entrapment efficiency and maintain its protein activity.

Alginates ; chemistry ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; chemistry ; Glucuronic Acid ; chemistry ; Hexuronic Acids ; chemistry ; Lactic Acid ; chemistry ; Microspheres ; Polyglycolic Acid ; chemistry ; Superoxide Dismutase ; chemistry

Objective To study the relationship between viral infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),and the effect of viral infections on the changes of Th1/Th2 in COPD patients. Methods The se-ra from 81 patients with acute exacerbations of COPD,25 patients with stable COPD and 22 healthy subjects were tested for specific IgM of respiratary syncytial virus(RSV) ,herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), parainfluenza vi-rus (PIV), adenovirus (ADV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Supernatant INF-γ and IL-4 cultured with PHA were determined. Results The positive rates of IgM in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD compared with those in patients with stable COPD and healthy subjects were significantly different(P <0.001 ). The level of INF-γ, and IL-4 in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD and stable COPD compared with normal control group;the level of INF-γ (242±43) and the of IL-4(42±9) in pa-tients with acute exacerbations of COPD was not significantly different as compared with the level of INF-γ( 198±32) and the level of IL-4(56±11 ) in patients with stable COPD (P<0.05), but the level of INF-γ was increased (90±18)and IL-4 was decreased (141±24) in control group (P<0.05). Compared with those in IgM negative group, the levels of INF-γ were significantly higher and the levels of IL-4 were significantly lowerIL-4 in lgM positive group( P<0.01 ). Conclusion Virus infection is a rather important factor in acute exacerbations of COPD, and COPD is characterized by a predominance of Th1-type response,and there is more significant Th1 response predomi-nance in COPD with virus infection.

Objective:To compare the dissolution of compound fructus forsythiae, paracetamol and chlorphenamine maleate cap-sules from different manufacturers.Methods: The dissolution test was carried out by a basket method in 900 ml dissolution medium with the rotating speed at 100 r·min-1. The dissolution profiles of compound fructus forsythiae,paracetamol and chlorphenamine mal-eate capsules from different manufacturers in four dissolution media including hydrochloric acid solution, pH 4.5 acetate buffer solu-tion,water and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution were determined,and the dissolution curves were compared by a similar factor meth-od. Results:The cumulative dissolution of compound fructus forsythiae,paracetamol and chlorphenamine maleate capsules from seven manufacturers was all over 70% in 30 min in hydrochloric acid solution,while failed to dissolve well in pH 4.5 acetate buffer solution, water and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution. All the dissolution curves in the 4 dissolution media were different among the batches. Conclusion:The quality of compound fructus forsythiae,paracetamol and chlorphenamine maleate capsules from various manufacturers is much different. Promising dissolution should be guaranteed,at the same time,the stability needs to be improved.

Objective: To assess the diagnostic rate, safety and clinical application of percutaneous renal masses biopsy for advanced renal cell carcinoma patients.Methods: In this retrospective study, we collected the data of renal masses from the patients who underwent renal masses biopsy under ultrasound from April 2001 to December 2014 in Peking University First Hospital.A total of 75 patients who were undiagnosed or diagnosed with advanced renal cell carcinoma by the imageological method were enrolled in this study.The patient and lesion characteristics such as tumor size, pathology of tumor, histologic subtype, pathological grade, biopsied location and biopsied cores were recorded and analyzed.Results: Among all the 75 patients, biopsy was diagnostic in 64 cases (85.3%) and non-diagnostic in 11 cases (14.7%).Of the 64 diagnostic biopsies, 60 were malignant, including 37 (61.7%) renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 13 (21.7%) urothelial carcinoma and 10 (16.7%) other malignant masses.Of all the RCC subjects, 24 suffered from clear cell RCC, 5 papillary RCC, 3 collecting duct carcinomas, 1 unclassified RCC and 4 unknown subtypes.The 11 non-diagnostic biopsied samplings included inflammatory, blood and extrarenal tissue and normal renal tissue.The proportion of collecting duct carcinoma in RCC was 10.8% and the proportion of squamous carcinoma in urothelial carcinoma was 23.1%, which were both higher than the previous research findings.For the male and female groups, non-diagnostic yields were 6.5% and 30.4%, respectively (P=0.022).Of all the 75 patients, 13 renal cell carcinoma patients underwent the surgical treatment and got the results of postoperative pathology.Comparing preoperative biopsy pathological diagnosis with postoperative pathological diagnosis, we found the diagnostic correct rates for benign and malignant lesions, pathological subtype and pathological grade were 100%, 81.8% and 60%, respectively.Mild macroscopic hematuria occurred in 1 case after RMB and there were no serious complications in all the cases.Conclusion: Percutaneous renal masses biopsy under ultrasound with a high diagnostic rate which can define the histologic subtype of renal cell carcinoma.With targeted therapy, more and more patients whose evaluation suggests local advanced disease or metastatic tumors adopt renal tumor biopsy to define the histologic subtype, which could avoid unnecessary surgical treatment.

Objective:Applying bibliometrics to analyze the research history, hotspots and trends of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) interventions in edema-related diseases, and to provide reference for the revision of diagnostic and therapeutic criteria for edema in TCM.Methods:The literature about edema treated with TCM was retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM from 1 st. Jan 1995 to 25 th. May 2022. CiteSpace and VOSviewer softwares were used to draw the knowledge map, and analyze the co-occurrence relationship and clustering characteristics of the institution, author, keywords and mechanism hotspots. Results:Totally 3 198 articles were included. The annual number of documents issued generally shows a spiral rise trend. Liaoning University of Chinese Medicine published the most articles. Core authors published the most articles were Sun Wei (13 articles); the team with the highest cooperation intensity was Yang Hongtao's team; keywords formed 7 clusters. Hotspot mechanisms included metabolic disorders, immune balance, anti-inflammation, calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Keywords in the past 7 years were membranous nephropathy, chronic heart failure, diabetes, lymphedema etc.Conclusions:The attention paid to the intervention of TCM in the field of edema is generally on the rise, and has decreased in the past two years. The research categories focus on the experience of famous doctors, clinical trials, and mechanistic studies, and nephropathy-related edema has been the focus of research; diabetic nephropathy, chronic heart failure, metabolomics, and immunotherapy are expected to be the focus of attention in the next stage.

Objective: To investigate the expression of CD160 in HIV-specific T cells and their subsets in peripheral blood of asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. Methods: A total of 43 asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals without antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 18 healthy controls were recruited from the No. 302 Hospital of PLA between June 2014 and November 2015. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from peripheral bloods of these subjects. CD160 was stained with fluorescent antibody. Expression of CD160 in HIV-specific T cells and their subsets was detected by flow cytometry. Results: The frequency and median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD160 on the whole HIV-specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were higher than those in the healthy controls(P<0.01). In subsets of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells, the MFI of CD160 in CD4+ Tn cells and CD4+ Teff cells, and the frequency of CD160 in CD4+ Teff cells were significantly increased (P<0.01). CD8+ Tn fine, CD8+ Tcm cells and CD8+ Tem cells showed a significant upregulation in the frequency and MFI of CD160 (P<0.01). Conclusions Chronic HIV infection can lead to high expression of CD160 in HIV-specific T cells and their different subsets, causing cellular immune dysfunction, which may further impair the ability to control the HIV virus.