The synaptic pattern and its ultrastructure of the spinal caudal trigeminal nucleusin rabbits and mice were investigated with electromicroscope.The synapse in the spinal caudal trigeminal nucleus consists of the pre-and post-synaptic membranes and synaptic cleft.The active points of the synapse on thepresynaptic membranes were found.The dense substance is accumulated on the pre-and postsynaptic membranes,especially on the postsynaptic membranes.Occasionally,the subsynaptic dense bodies were encountered within the postsynaptic element.Theintersynaptic filaments were found within the synaptic clefts.The synaptic vesicleswere mainly found within the presynaptic terminals.Spherical,flat granular and ag-ranular vesicles were observed in the presynaptic terminals.A great numbers of the axon terminals,dendrites,axodendritic,axosomatic,axo-axonic and dendrodendritic synapses were identified in the spinal caudal trigeminalnucleus.The dendrites were classified into type Ⅰ(without synaptic vesicle)and typeⅡ(containing less synaptic vesicle).According to the shape of the synaptic vesicle,the synapses of this nucleus are divided into S(sphere),F(flat),S-F and F-Stypes.The synaptic glomeruli are present about 20 per cent.The functional signi-ficance of the synaptic pattern,glomeruli and vesicles in this nucleus had beendiscussed.

15 paired tendons of the flexor digitorum sublimis and profundus, 5 pairs of tendons of both the flexor pollicis longus and the flexor hallucis longus were studied.The results were outlined as follows:(1) The morphological modification of the segment of the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus in the tunnel formed by the splitting of the sublimis tendon fit well the varying shape of the tunnel.(2) The arrangement of the fiber bundles in the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus appears to be in a spiral twist.(3) The fiber bundles of the tendons of the flexor pollicis (hallucis) longus are arranged similarly to those of the flexor digitorum profundus. It is further suggested that both muscles are homologous in evolution. (4) Morphological changes of the tendon are due to the change of the direction of its fiber bundles inside.(5) It is suggested that the twists and the intertextures of the fiber bundles of the tendon may increase the strength of the tendon and may be related to the transmission of the muscle contraction.(6) On each side of the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus and flexor hallucis longus, a definite lateral fascicle was found.

The accomplishment of voluntary active euthanasia must involve the concept of "the other".The whole autonomy is an Abstract theoretical principle,which meets logic difficulty in real practice."The other" limits autonomy on the attitude towards life,family relationship,social relationship,physicians,and so on,which is also the practical basis for the accomplishment of euthanasia.When an individual chooses the will of performing euthanasia,he or she should abide by the principles of respect,communion and autonomy.These principles should also be followed in the future legislation of euthanasia.

Objective To discuss the relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia(HCY) and chronic complications in type 2 diabetes.Methods 206 cases with type 2 diabetes were divided into no microvascular complications(NDC) group,diabetic retinopathy(DR) group and diabetic nephropathy(DN) group according to the occurrence of microvascular complications,98 healthy persons were selected as control group.The levels of plasma HCY,folic acid(FA) and vitamin B12(Vit B12) were detected by chemiluminescence method.Results Plasma HCY in diabetic group was significantly higher than the control group (P ＜ 0.05 ),DMAP group (DR group and the DN group) was higher than the NDC group ( P ＜ 0.05 ),FA,Vit B12 levels were significantly decreased compared with control group(P ＜0.05 ).Statistical analysis showed that HCY level was negatively correlated with FA,Vit B12 levels in patients with diabetes( P ＜ 0.01 ).Condusion HCY is an important risk factor for DMAP,the determination of plasma HCY level in patients with diabetes will help to monitor,determine the occurrence and development of DMAP.

Twenty five adult healthy rabbits were used in this study. They were divided into three experimental groups. In the first group, the great part of the left eerebellar hemisphere including the dentate nucleus was sucked out, a stereotaxic lesion of the left dentate nucleus was made, or a small part of the cerebellar cortex of hemisphere was destroyed. In the second group, the great part of the vermis was aspirated, the left fastigial nucleus or the vermal cortex was damaged with the stereotaxie electrolysis. In the third group, the left paraflocculus was sucked out. The animals survived for 3～8 days. The serial frozen transverse sections of the brain stem together with the cerebellum were cut at 25～30 ?m and stained with the Fink-Heimer method. The degenerating fibers in sections were traced under light microscope.The results are as follows:1. The first group: The degenerating fibers from the left dentate nucleus enter into the ipsilateral brachium conjunctivum, some of them emerge from the medial side of the brachium eonjunetivum, then proceed forward and pass through the trigeminal mesencephalie nucleus and end into the ipsilateral nucleus eaeruleus and subcaeruleus. But no degenerating fibers within nucleus caeruleus are observed if a lesion only injured the cerebellar cortex of hemisphere.2. The second group: Except the projection to the cerebellar central nuclei and other regions of the brain stem, some degenerating fibers arising from the vermis (including vermal cortex and fastigial nucleus) ascend up into bilateral nucleus parabrachialis and a few of them enter into the ventral part of the brachium conjunctivum. These degenerating fibers continue forward to the rostral end of the pons and pass through the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus to terminate in locus caeru leus and subcaeruleus.3. The third group: A few degenerating fibers from the paraflocculus terminate in the locus caeruleus.The functional significance of the cerebellocaeruleus projection was discussed.

Objective To invectigate the etiology and pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm. Methods Four experimental animal models of intracranial aneurysm were established with normal horse serum injected into veins or the neck regions, or into both common carotid arteries which were narrowed, by using silk ligature or noradrenalin injection into the neck regions. Results Ten intracranial aneurysms were found in the experimental animal model.Conclusion The immunological response,arteryischemia and continuous vasospasm may be considered the direct pathogenic factors of the intracranial aneurysm.

Nine adult healthy rabbits were used in this study.In these animals attemptswere made to produce lesions in different parts of the cerebellar hemispheres.Largelesions of the left cerebellar hemisphere were produced by an aspiration technique.Small lesions of the cerebellar cortex or of the dentate nucleus were produced bystereotaxic electrolysis.All animals were sacrificed 3～7 days after the operation.The brains were cut at 25～30 ? in serial transverse sections on freezing microtome.The sections were stained with Fink-Heimer method.The degenerating fibers and terminals are found in the bilateral nuclei of Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅵ cranial nerves The degenerations are predominant in the contralateraloculomotor nucleus but less in the ipsilateral side.On the contrary,it is slightlydominant in the ipsilateral trochlear and abducens nuclei,but less in the contrala-teral ones.It is shown that these fibers arise from the dentate nucleus.The functional significance of this fibers system is discussed.

Aim To study IL-8 expression of U937 cells directly induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA)and its mechanism through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.Methods The expressions of IL-8 mRNA in human monocytic leukemia cell lines(U937 cells)infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were in differently differentiated and its protein secretion in the supernatant of culture medium were examined by the methods of RT-PCR and ELISA respectively.And these were then to be compared with those inhibited by MAPK inhibitors.Results Pseudomonas aeruginosa was able to induce IL-8 mRNA expression and their protein secretion both in U937 cells and in PMA differentiated U937 cells and had marked time and concentration dependent relations.Pretreament of U937 cells with specific inhibitors of ERK1/2(PD98059),the kinase that activated ERK1/2,p38(SB203580)could significantly diminished the PA-induced IL-8 production(P

HIC1 (hypermethylated in cancer 1) encodes a transcriptional repressor,and extensively resides in various kinds of normal tissue.HIC1 gene is located in chromosome 17p13.3,in which loss of heterozygote or super-methylation is frequently found in a variety of human cancers.As a new tumor marker,HIC1 has been confirmed down-regulated in a wide variety of solid cancers because of HIC1 promoter hypermethylation,and may be associated with tumor prognosis.As a tumor suppressor,HIC1 participates in the development of tumor process through various ways,and is involved in cell proliferation,tumour growth,and angiogenesis.Therefore,the abnormal hypermethylation or the loss of expression of HIC1 in tumor cells or abnormal function could be one of the important mechanisms of tumor development,and may become a new potential therapeutic targets for cancer.

Objective To investigate the effects of percutaneous radio frequency ablation of liver cancer, and evaluate the indications, contraindications, and side effects. Methods One hundred and fifty four patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or metastases liver cancer, with the average diameter of the tumours 7.07 cm were treated with by radio frequency RF 2000TM instrument, the results were evaluated. Results Average theraputic time was 1.18 times, the theraputic point was 5.74. The symptoms were improved after therapy, and the average concentration of AFP was droped from 1 553.68 ng/ml to 883.70 ng/ml. The percentage of tumour reduction was 56.8%. There were no serious complications observed. Conclusion Percutaneous radio frequency ablation of liver cancer is a simple, safe and effective method. For larger liver cancer several times action will be needed, or other intervantion therapy is added to enhance effectiveness.