The synaptic pattern and its ultrastructure of the spinal caudal trigeminal nucleusin rabbits and mice were investigated with electromicroscope.The synapse in the spinal caudal trigeminal nucleus consists of the pre-and post-synaptic membranes and synaptic cleft.The active points of the synapse on thepresynaptic membranes were found.The dense substance is accumulated on the pre-and postsynaptic membranes,especially on the postsynaptic membranes.Occasionally,the subsynaptic dense bodies were encountered within the postsynaptic element.Theintersynaptic filaments were found within the synaptic clefts.The synaptic vesicleswere mainly found within the presynaptic terminals.Spherical,flat granular and ag-ranular vesicles were observed in the presynaptic terminals.A great numbers of the axon terminals,dendrites,axodendritic,axosomatic,axo-axonic and dendrodendritic synapses were identified in the spinal caudal trigeminalnucleus.The dendrites were classified into type Ⅰ(without synaptic vesicle)and typeⅡ(containing less synaptic vesicle).According to the shape of the synaptic vesicle,the synapses of this nucleus are divided into S(sphere),F(flat),S-F and F-Stypes.The synaptic glomeruli are present about 20 per cent.The functional signi-ficance of the synaptic pattern,glomeruli and vesicles in this nucleus had beendiscussed.

Objective To discuss the relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia(HCY) and chronic complications in type 2 diabetes.Methods 206 cases with type 2 diabetes were divided into no microvascular complications(NDC) group,diabetic retinopathy(DR) group and diabetic nephropathy(DN) group according to the occurrence of microvascular complications,98 healthy persons were selected as control group.The levels of plasma HCY,folic acid(FA) and vitamin B12(Vit B12) were detected by chemiluminescence method.Results Plasma HCY in diabetic group was significantly higher than the control group (P ＜ 0.05 ),DMAP group (DR group and the DN group) was higher than the NDC group ( P ＜ 0.05 ),FA,Vit B12 levels were significantly decreased compared with control group(P ＜0.05 ).Statistical analysis showed that HCY level was negatively correlated with FA,Vit B12 levels in patients with diabetes( P ＜ 0.01 ).Condusion HCY is an important risk factor for DMAP,the determination of plasma HCY level in patients with diabetes will help to monitor,determine the occurrence and development of DMAP.

The accomplishment of voluntary active euthanasia must involve the concept of "the other".The whole autonomy is an Abstract theoretical principle,which meets logic difficulty in real practice."The other" limits autonomy on the attitude towards life,family relationship,social relationship,physicians,and so on,which is also the practical basis for the accomplishment of euthanasia.When an individual chooses the will of performing euthanasia,he or she should abide by the principles of respect,communion and autonomy.These principles should also be followed in the future legislation of euthanasia.

15 paired tendons of the flexor digitorum sublimis and profundus, 5 pairs of tendons of both the flexor pollicis longus and the flexor hallucis longus were studied.The results were outlined as follows:(1) The morphological modification of the segment of the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus in the tunnel formed by the splitting of the sublimis tendon fit well the varying shape of the tunnel.(2) The arrangement of the fiber bundles in the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus appears to be in a spiral twist.(3) The fiber bundles of the tendons of the flexor pollicis (hallucis) longus are arranged similarly to those of the flexor digitorum profundus. It is further suggested that both muscles are homologous in evolution. (4) Morphological changes of the tendon are due to the change of the direction of its fiber bundles inside.(5) It is suggested that the twists and the intertextures of the fiber bundles of the tendon may increase the strength of the tendon and may be related to the transmission of the muscle contraction.(6) On each side of the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus and flexor hallucis longus, a definite lateral fascicle was found.

Nine adult healthy rabbits were used in this study.In these animals attemptswere made to produce lesions in different parts of the cerebellar hemispheres.Largelesions of the left cerebellar hemisphere were produced by an aspiration technique.Small lesions of the cerebellar cortex or of the dentate nucleus were produced bystereotaxic electrolysis.All animals were sacrificed 3～7 days after the operation.The brains were cut at 25～30 ? in serial transverse sections on freezing microtome.The sections were stained with Fink-Heimer method.The degenerating fibers and terminals are found in the bilateral nuclei of Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅵ cranial nerves The degenerations are predominant in the contralateraloculomotor nucleus but less in the ipsilateral side.On the contrary,it is slightlydominant in the ipsilateral trochlear and abducens nuclei,but less in the contrala-teral ones.It is shown that these fibers arise from the dentate nucleus.The functional significance of this fibers system is discussed.

Objective To invectigate the etiology and pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm. Methods Four experimental animal models of intracranial aneurysm were established with normal horse serum injected into veins or the neck regions, or into both common carotid arteries which were narrowed, by using silk ligature or noradrenalin injection into the neck regions. Results Ten intracranial aneurysms were found in the experimental animal model.Conclusion The immunological response,arteryischemia and continuous vasospasm may be considered the direct pathogenic factors of the intracranial aneurysm.

Twenty five adult healthy rabbits were used in this study. They were divided into three experimental groups. In the first group, the great part of the left eerebellar hemisphere including the dentate nucleus was sucked out, a stereotaxic lesion of the left dentate nucleus was made, or a small part of the cerebellar cortex of hemisphere was destroyed. In the second group, the great part of the vermis was aspirated, the left fastigial nucleus or the vermal cortex was damaged with the stereotaxie electrolysis. In the third group, the left paraflocculus was sucked out. The animals survived for 3～8 days. The serial frozen transverse sections of the brain stem together with the cerebellum were cut at 25～30 ?m and stained with the Fink-Heimer method. The degenerating fibers in sections were traced under light microscope.The results are as follows:1. The first group: The degenerating fibers from the left dentate nucleus enter into the ipsilateral brachium conjunctivum, some of them emerge from the medial side of the brachium eonjunetivum, then proceed forward and pass through the trigeminal mesencephalie nucleus and end into the ipsilateral nucleus eaeruleus and subcaeruleus. But no degenerating fibers within nucleus caeruleus are observed if a lesion only injured the cerebellar cortex of hemisphere.2. The second group: Except the projection to the cerebellar central nuclei and other regions of the brain stem, some degenerating fibers arising from the vermis (including vermal cortex and fastigial nucleus) ascend up into bilateral nucleus parabrachialis and a few of them enter into the ventral part of the brachium conjunctivum. These degenerating fibers continue forward to the rostral end of the pons and pass through the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus to terminate in locus caeru leus and subcaeruleus.3. The third group: A few degenerating fibers from the paraflocculus terminate in the locus caeruleus.The functional significance of the cerebellocaeruleus projection was discussed.

Objective To explore a modality of ambulatory nursing care applied to the elderly patients with severe trigeminal neuralgia treated by radiofrequency thermocoagulation.Methods42 patients were equally assigned into 2 groups: group A(n=21) aged from 40～60, and group B(n=21) aged from 80～92. Pertinent nursing measures were assessed for risks of ambulatory surgery, including psychological care before surgery and intensive observation during surgery. The pain was assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) between the groups and before and after surgery, as well as complications.ResultsNo significant difference of the VAS scores was found between the groups before and 2 weeks after surgery (P>0.05), while the score of VAS decreased in two groups 2 weeks after surgery(P<0.01). No severe complication occured in the groups after surgery.ConclusionIt is safe and effective to apply the modality of ambulatory nursing care for the elderly patients with severe trigeminal neuralgia treated by radiofrequency thermocoagulation.

BACKGROUND:Chronic hepatitis B virus infection can impact the biological characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s have gained more and more attention due to their high safety, little invasiveness, easy purification and rapid proliferation. OBJECTIVE:To establish the isolation and culture method of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s from patients with hepatitis B virus infection in vitro, and to observe the biological characteristics of cel s. METHODS:Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s were isolated from the subcutaneous fat of hepatitis B virus infection patients by col agenase digestion and adherent method. Growth curve of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s were detected by MTT method and cel phenotypes were detected by flow cytometry. The adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s were detected in vitro. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s from 10 patients with hepatitis B virus infection were al isolated and cultured successful y. The primary passage time of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s was (8.3±1.2) days. The growth curve of cel s was“S”shaped. Cel s came into a logarithmic phase at days 3-4, and came into platform at day 7. (3) Passage 3 adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s highly expressed CD29, CD166, HLA-ABC and CD44, but did not express or lowly expressed CD34 and HLA-DR. (3) Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s differentiated into adipocytes after adipogenic induction, and differentiated cel s were positive for oil red O staining;after osteogenic induction, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s differentiated into osteoblasts that were positive for alkaline phosphatase staining. These findings indicate that the col agenase digestion and adherent method can be used to effectively isolate adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s from patients with hepatitis B virus infection, and the cel proliferation is rapid so that a large number of cel s can be obtained in the short term.

Objective To analyze factors affecting the expenses of inpatients and their comprehensive force of influence so as to check irrational increases of medical expenses. Methods Data on hospitalization expenses for disease entities ranking in the first ten places in a third tier hospital in 1997 were taken as samples and a statistical analysis was conducted of the medical expenses incurred in the discharged cases by means of the nerve network model. Results Major factors affecting hospitalization expenses were days of hospitalization, pre hospitalization conditions, pre operation length of stay and age, the comprehensive force of influence of which was respectively 0 4879 , 0 2124 , 0 1847 and 0 0612 . Conclusion To check the irrational increases of medical expenses, we must focus our efforts on the reduction of expenses for medicine and shorten days of hospitalization and pre operation length of stay.