Objective To investigate CT value in diagnosing hypopharyngeal and laryngeal disease.Methods The clinical data and CT images of 76 patients with hypopharyngeal and laryngeal tumors and tumor-like lesions were retrospectively reviewed.There were malignant lesions in 66 cases and benign lesions in 10 cases.CT findings in these patients were evaluated and correlated with surgical and pathologic findings.First,we used a CT features were qualitatively analysed using logistic regression model for predicting the lesion to be malignant or benign.Then,two experienced radiologists who were unknown the results of final diagnosis of these patients,retrospectively analyzed all CT images and made their diagnosis.Finally,CT images of 10 benign and 10 randomly selected malignant patients were reviewed by the other two experienced radiologists,who known the component ratio of the cases and unknown the final results.Interobserver agreement of the two reviewers was assessed by calculation of Kappa value for their diagnosis.Results The logistic regression model revealed that the location of lesion and the surrounding structure infiltrated by the tumor were the only significant factors for predicting the malignancy.Of the two factors,the surrounding structure infiltrated by the tumor had the accuracy of 55% with sensitivity 53% and specificity 80%.When most of the cases were malignant(66/76),there was a moderate interobserver agreement for the two radiologists in diagnosis of the diseases.When the malignant and benign cases were equal,there was a poor interobserver agreement(Kappa=0.20) for the two reviewers,and the diagnostic accuracy was slightly higher than the rate by random selection.Conclusion It is difficult to use the CT features in qualifying the hypopharyngeal and laryngeal diseases.

Objective To explore if only single-phase enhanced CT can be used for pre-treatment staging of hypopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma.Methods The double phase enhanced CT images in 47 cases with hypopharyngeal or alryngeal carcinoma were retrospectively studied.CT number of tumor,vocal cord and sternocleidomastoideus muscle was measured on plain,early-phase,and late-phase enhanced CT scan,and the definition of tumor margins, small-vessel artifacts and mucous artifacts was recorded. The effective radiation dose of patients was calculated for 16DCT and HCT according to dose-length product (DLP).Results There was no significant difference between the density of tumor and the vocal cord on plain CT scan. There were more mucous artifacts and/or small-vessel artifacts in early-phase enhanced CT images. The definition of tumor margin in late-phase enhanced CT image was better than or almost same as that in early-phase enhanced CT image. The effective radiation dose with 16DCT was 1.5 times to that with HCT at the same scanning range. Conclusion Only late-phase enhanced CT imaging is recommended to be performed for the staging of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal carcinoma, and it will reduce the effective radiation dose received by patients.

Objective To evaluate the morbidity and the influence factors of the geriatric syndrome in the elderly inpatients. Methods The characteristics of comprehensive geriatric assessment of180 elderly inpatients (83 male and 97 female) with age older than 65 in geriatric department from November 2014 to November 2015 were analyzed. Results Of 180 elderly patients, the incidences of visual loss, multiple co-morbidity, polypharmacy, impairment in activities of daily living, urinary incontinence, chronic constipation and chronic pain were 86.11%(155/180), 85.56%(154/180), 82.78%(149/180), 56.11%(101/180), 49.44%(89/180), 46.67%(75/180) and 42.22%(76/180). Female patients had more incidences compared with male in urinary incontinence [56.70%(55/97) vs. 40.96%(34/83)], chronic pain [56.70% (55/97) vs. 25.30%(21/83)] , impairment in activities of daily living [64.95%(63/97) vs. 45.78%(38/83)] and high risk of falling [43.30%(42/97) vs. 21.69%(18/83)], and there were significant differences (P<0.05). In addition, it was found that with the increasing of age, the incidences of hearing loss and chronic constipation, as well as medications were accordingly higher. When the patients′education level was higher, the incidences of urinary incontinence and impairment in activities of daily living were generally declined. Compared with non-diabetes mellitus group, diabetes mellitus group had higher incidences of comorbidities, multiple co-morbidity, medications, polypharmacy and impairment in activities of daily living:(10.59 ± 3.72) kinds vs. (8.29 ± 4.03) kinds, 94.59%(105/111) vs. 71.01%(49/69), (10.07 ± 3.77) kinds vs. (6.87 ± 3.07) kinds, 89.19%(99/111) vs. 72.46%(50/69), 62.16%(69/111) vs. 46.38% (32/69). With the increasing of the numbers of diabetes- related chronic complications, the incidences of visual loss, chronic constipation and multiple co- morbidity, comorbidities and medications were higher (P<0.05). Conclusions Geriatric syndrome such as visual loss, multiple co- morbidity, polypharmacy, impairment in activities of daily living and urinary incontinence are very common in the elderly inpatients. Elderly patients with diabetes mellitus are much easier to suffer from geriatric syndrome such as multiple co-morbidity, polypharmacy and impairment in activities of daily living.

AIM To optimize the ultrasound-microwave extraction for total flavonoids from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma residue by response surface method.METHODS In addition to the index of extraction rate of total flavonoids for evaluation,the microwave power,extraction time,liquid-soild ratio and ethanol concentration were taken into consideration as influencing factors for the extraction optimization by response surface method on the basis of single factor test.RESULTS The optimal conditions,determined to be 125 W for microwave power,32 min for extraction time,28.4 ∶ 1 for liquid-solid ratio,79％ for ethanol concentration,and 300 W for extraction power,could bring forth a 2.59％ extraction rate of total flavonoids.CONCLUSION This stable and reliable method can be used for extracting total flavonoids from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma residue.

Objective To evaluate the role of CT imaging in staging of hypopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma.Methods 85 patients with hypopharyngeal or laryngeal carcinoma proved by operation were examined contrast-enhanced CT scan.The CT images were analysed by two experienced radiologists who were unknown pathologic results,in combination with the clinical data,the TNM staging of tumors were evaluated,then the results were compared with that of pathology,and Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for statistical analysis.P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results The accuracy of the staging of lesions was 70.1% based on clinical data alone,while the clinical informations in combination with CT,the accuracy reached 87.1%,that was of significant statistically(P=0.001).Conclusion CT imaging is useful in staging of hypopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma,especially when it is combined with clinical data.

Acanthamoeba castellanii(T4)was cultured with different concentrations of allitridium for 24 hours, and examined by transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the ultrastructure of Acanthamoeba trophozoites was destroyed gently at concentration of 50 ?g/ml allitridium and seriously destroyed under the concentration of 500 ?g/ml, indicating that allitridium is effective in destroying Acanthamoeba.

Objective:To describe the characteristics of genotype and phenotype in 3 families with X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) due to RS1 mutations. Methods:A cross-sectional approach was adopted.Three XLRS families at the Ningxia Eye Hospital from October 2017 to March 2019 were included.Clinical data and peripheral blood of patients and related families were collected and clinically staged were formulated through a comprehensive eye examination.The disease-causing genes screened by panel sequencing underwent conservative analysis, pathogenicity analysis and protein structure prediction by software tools.Analysis of the mutations pathogenicity was performed according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines.The research was approved by Medical Ethics Committee of the People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and followed the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.Results:Total 5 young male patients and 1 middle-aged patient in these three families.The optical coherence tomography(OCT) findings of 5 young patients showed typical macular retinoschisis, which were characterized by stage I of XLRS.One middle-aged patient (Ⅱ-9) showed a stage Ⅲ lesion of macular atrophy.The mutations of c. 668G>A, c.618G>A and exon 1 deletion in RS1 gene were found in the three families.C223 and W206 were verified to be highly conserved in mammals and were predicted to be pathogenic mutations by software and the change of protein structure.Conservation analysis and prediction of protein structure were not performed for the mutation of exon 1 deletion.All the mutations were pathogenic variants according to the ACGM guidelines. Conclusions:Mutations of c. 668G>A/p.C223Y, c.618G>A/p.W206X and exon 1 deletion in RS1 gene are pathogenic mutations in Chinese XLRS families.The combination of Panel sequencing with pathogenicity analysis and protein structure prediction have important effect to diagnosis and identify the causative genes for the hereditary retinal diseases.

Aplastic anemia(AA) is characterized by severe pancytopenia. The clinical features of bone marrow failure syndrome are closely related to viral infection, environment toxin, genetic and acquired gene mutation. Aplastic anemia is a historic disease that often occurred in young people, which was fatal to patients. However, here are many methods can treat and cure this fatal disease. Pathological and physiological studies have important guiding significance for the treatment of aplastic anemia. The diagnosis and treatment of current situation and prospect of aplastic anemia are reviewed in this article.

Objective:To investigate the status quo of multi-level pre-job training for clinical nursing teachers and analyze their training needs, so as to provide reference for the design of pre-job training for clinical nursing teachers.Methods:A cross-sectional survey method was used to investigate 172 clinical nursing teachers in a tertiary general hospital in Harbin from April 2020 to June 2020 with multi-level pre-job training mode. The status quo of pre-job training and the training needs of teachers were analyzed. SPSS 17.0 was used to process the original data statistically.Results:Among the 172 respondents, 138 teachers (80.2%) were under 35 years old, and 133 teachers (77.3%) had a bachelor's degree or less; 89 teachers (51.7%) confirmed that hospitals or departments would carry out pre-job training in a planned and organized way, 10 teachers (5.8%) said that hospitals or departments had never organized training, 41 teachers (23.8%) had never participated in pre-job training, and 80 teachers (46.5%) had participated in pre-job training 1-3 times. There were 5 duplicates in the first 8 training contents of in-hospital training and in-department training, including knowledge of common diseases, nursing procedures, communication skills, hospital rules and regulations, and teaching methods. The total score of training demand was (154.51± 40.35) points, and the overall demand rate was 81.3%, which was at the high level. The dimensions with the highest scoring rate were legal system and humanistic literacy, with a scoring rate of 83.0%. The dimension with the lowest score was teaching management, with a score of 74.9%. The scoring rate of training needs with the highest points won nine items respectively on students' basic quality (self-supervision, willingness to learn, professional quality, etc.) (84.7%), training of legal knowledge (84.4%), incompatibility of drugs commonly used in department (84.3%), nurse etiquette (83.3%), nursing risk prevention (83.1%), evaluation methods of student education (83.1%), nurse-patient communication skills (83.0%), nurses and patients medication observation points of commonly used drugs in the department (83.0%), and effects of commonly used drugs in department (82.9%). Among the top three training forms, 84 students (48.8%) received online learning, 74 students (43.0%) received lectures from experienced teachers in hospitals, and 72 students (41.9%) received experience exchange and sharing seminars.Conclusion:The talent structure of clinical nursing teachers in this hospital is relatively young, and the first education level is low. Therefore, the pre-job training of clinical nursing teachers should be strengthened vigorously. The awareness rate and participation rate of pre-job training are average, so we should strengthen the release of training information from various channels, improve the awareness rate of training activities, clarify the encouragement or reward measures to participate in pre-job training activities, and improve the participation rate of training activities. Pre-job training content is repeated at every level, with a gap between the training needs of teachers in clinical nursing teaching. It's suggested that the teaching hospitals combine with their training objects of training needs, take the online-offline mixed mode of training, reasonably plan training contents as a whole at all levels, avoid training content repetition and waste of teachers, and organize teachers to timely exchange and share experiences.

Objective To investigate the"Precision Treatment for Oncology"course,which is offered by Peking Union Medical College.The course is aiming for collecting students'opinions and suggestions to optimize the course setting and improve the teaching quality.Methods This investigation collected data by questionnaire survey and in-terviewing from Dec.2021 to Feb.2022.The questionnaire data and interview data were analysed.Results Thirty-six quantitative questionnaires and five qualitative questionnaires were included.Improving professional knowledge and personal interests were two main reasons for students to choose courses,which existed statistical differences on different aspects of course evaluation.The overall score evaluated by medical students was 9.22 and 94.4%of the students thought the course achieved the desired goal.The scores of teachers'teaching attitude,frontier and practi-cality of course content were 9.81,9.08 and 8.86 points respectively.The students hoped to increase the case analysis practice and thematic discussion activities to enrich the teaching form.Conclusions This elective course for graduate is recognized and accepted by students.More efforts are needed in future to optimize curriculum set-tings,innovate teaching methods,improve teaching quality and explore new pathways for medical graduate educa-tion matching the needs of students.