As one of the important indexes for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cardiac output can reflect the state of cardiovascular system timely, and can play a guiding role in the treatment of related diseases. In recent years detection technology of cardiac output has caused great attention, especially minimally invasive and non-invasive methods. In this paper, the principle of non-invasive detection methods and their recent developments are described, and various detection methods are also analyzed.
Cardiac Output ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; diagnosis ; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ; Humans

Objective To observe the effects of recombinant staphylokinase (r-SAK) on platelet activation parameters in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) by intravenous thrombolysis in order to investigate the clinical thrombolytic efficacy of r-SAK therapy in AMI comparing with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator(rt-PA) therapy.Methods Thirty-three patients with AMI within 12 h after the onset were selected and divided randomly into the r-SAK therapy group(n=17) and rt-PA therapy group(n=16).Coronary artery angiography(CAG) was performed 90 min after thrombolytic therapy in patients.Thrombin-antithrombin complex(TAT) and alpha granule membrane protein(GMP-140) were measured by similar commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results In r-SAK group and rt-PA group,the plasma contents of GMP-140 2 h after thrombolytic therapy were significantly higher than before therapy(P0.05).In rt-PA group,the plasma content of TAT 2 h after thrombolytic therapy increased significantly(P0.05).) Conclusion r-SAK has similar effect with rt-PA and it will become available for highly fibrin-selective thrombolytic therapy of AMI.Thrombolytic treatment with r-SAK can improve the injury of myocardial microperfusion.

Objective:To evaluate the physiological roles of bmp3,bmp4 and bmp7 during the formation of permanent tooth roots in dog. Methods:The expression of bmp3,bmp4 and bmp7 mRNA at different stages of the development of permanent tooth roots was examined by in situ hybridization in 3 dogs aged 12-18 weeks. Results:bmp3 was found in dental sac surrounding the germs at the early stage of tooth root development, and in cementoblasts and periodontal cells at the later stage. bmp4 was found in odontoblasts, dental papilla and osteoblasts. bmp7 positive signals was found only in epithelial cells of root sheath around cervical circulus at early stage, then located in cementoblasts and odontoblasts at later stage. Conclusion:The spatiotemporal expressions of bmp3,bmp4 and bmp7 are widely diverse, indicating that they participate in the regulation of tooth root development.

We examined the effects of intracerebroventricular ( i. c. v) administration of adrenomedullin (ADM) on catecholaminergic neurons and the expression of c-fos gene in rat brain nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation using double immunohistochemical method for Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The results showed that: ( 1 ) Following icy administration of ADM (3 nmol/kg) , double-labeled neurons for Fos and TH were significantly increased in the area postrema ( AP), the nucleus of the solitary tract ( NTS), the nucleus paragigantocelluaris laterialis (PGL) and the locus coeruleus (LC). (2) Pretreatment with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonis CGRP8-37 (30 nmol/kg) significantly reduced the action of ADM (3 nmol/kg) in the brain. The present study suggested that ADM might activate the neurons of the brain nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation, and supported the hypothesis that the central action of ADM were induced by activating the catecholaminergic neurons of brainstem nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation, CGRP receptor might mediate the effects of ADM.

Objective To observe the 12-lead ECG ( electrocardiogram ) characteristics of Japanese rabbits , and provide basic ECG data for cardiovascular disease research .Methods The 12-lead ECG and X-rays of 55 male Japanese rabbits were recorded in supine position after intraperitoneal injection of 20% urethane.Results ECG:① The 12-lead ECG characteristics of male Japanese rabbits were similar to humans .The rabbit heart rate was 265.5 ±36.8 beats/min, faster than that of humans .No arrhythmia was found in all the 55 rabbits.② The supine position average ECG axis was between 19 °to 250 °, varying a lot .③P wave:The shape of P wave was blunt round or a little bit sharp .P waves were all in accordance with the sinus P wave rules , which were more obvious in lead II , aVF and all chest leads .④ The PR interval was 0.063 ±0.007 s.⑤The QRS duration was 0.040 ±0.005 s.The main waves were mostly upward in leadsⅡ,Ⅲ, and aVF .The same as humans , the R/S ratios were increased by degrees in chest leads .⑥The ST segment was short, and was located in the equipotential line .⑦ The shapes of T wave were mostly round , partly had twin peaks .T waves were more obvious in leads Ⅱ,Ⅲ, aVR, and AVF and chest leads .⑧The QT interval was 0.142 ±0.015 s, and QTc was 0.306 ±0.034 s.In the X-rays, most heart shadows were in the center and right chest .Conclusions The normal values of 12-lead ECG characteristics of Japanese rabbits are obtained in this study , which are of certain application value in experimental studies of cardiovascular diseases .

Objective To research the relationship between miR-21 and radiation sensitivity of cervical cancer HeLa cells,and to elucidate the possible action mechanism of miR-21 in apoptosis and autophagy of cells.Methods The HeLa cells were divided into mock groups (transfected with miR-21 NC,mimics,inhibitor NC or inhibitor)and 4 Gy irradiation groups (transfected with miR-2 1 NC, mimics,inhibitor NC or inhibitor with irradiation). The miR-2 1 expression was detected by real-time PCR;colony-forming assay was used to detect the changes of radiation sensitivity;the apoptosis and autophagy were analyzed by FACS assay;the target gene of miR-2 1 was predicted by bioinformatics methods;Dual-luciferase Reporter Assay was used to demonstrate the binding of miR-2 1 and targets;the expression of beclin1 protein was measured by Western blotting method. Results After 4 Gy radiation,compared with mock group,the expression of miR-21 was increased remarkably (P<0.05). Colony-forming assay showed that there were no changes of radiation sensitivity of HeLa cells after overexpressing or inhibiting miR-21 compared with miR-21 NC or miR-21 inhibitor NC groups(P>0.05).Compared with miR-21 NC+4 Gy group,the apoptotic rate of HeLa cells in miR-21 mimics+4 Gy group was increased (P<0.05).After transfection with miR-21 inhibitor,compared with miR-21 inhibitor NC group,the apoptotic rate of HeLa cells in duced by radiation was decreased (P<0.05 ). Compared with miR-21 NC group, the autophagy rate was increased after transfection with miR-21 mimics (P<0.05).After transfection with miR-21 mimics and radiation, the expression level of beclin1 protein was increased (P<0.05 ) compared with miR-21 NC+4 Gy group. Conclusion Beclin1 is the target gene of miR-21 in HeLa cells. Overexpression of miR-21 can increase the radiation-induced apoptosis and autophagy,but has on influence in radiation sensitivity of HeLa cells.

This study was aimed to optimize the extraction process of hyperoside from leaves ofAcanthopanax senticosusby compounding-enzyme method and orthogonal experiment. The hyperoside compound was regarded as standard and determined by HPLC. Based on the experiments of 4 factors including the enzyme amount, temperature, extraction time and PH values, the extraction process of hyperoside was determined by the orthogonal experiments and variance analysis. The results of single-factor experiments showed that different enzymes showed different effects on the enhance yield of hyperoside. The effects of different factors showed that the order of PH, neutral protease, temperature, time, pectinase, xylanase and cellulose was from strong to weak. Through orthogonal analysis, the optimum conditions were 2% pectinase, 2% xylanase, 0.5% neutral protease, and 0.5% cellulose, under the temperature of 30°C, extraction time of 10 min, and pH = 4.5. Under these conditions, the extraction rate was 1.84%. The yield was increased 107% compared with traditional process. It was concluded that the use of compounding enzyme can increase the yield of hyperoside, which possessed a lot of economic benefits.

Objective:To examine the oncogenic mutations involved in melanoma in Southern China and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of melanoma molecular targeted therapy strategy. Methods:The Sequenom platform (OncoCarta Panel v1.0 and MassARRAY System) was used to determine the prevalence of oncogene mutations in 28 acral melanoma samples, 28 mucosal mel-anoma samples, and 30 non-chronic sun-induced-damage (no-CSD) melanoma samples from Southern China. Results:At least one mu-tation was detected in 33 of the 86 melanomas (38.4%) with mutations observed in BRAF (16.3%), NRAS (10.5%), KIT (5.8%), EGFR (4.7%), HRAS (2.3%), KRAS (2.3%), MET (2.3%), and PIK3CA (1.2%). In BRAF, the age of patients with mutations was significantly lower than those without BRAF mutation (45.7±15.3 vs. 55.9±12.7, P=0.01). Patients with mutations in NRAS were more likely to have ulceration compared with patients without NRAS mutations (88.9%vs. 48.1%, P=0.049). Conclusions:This study represents a compre-hensive and concurrent analysis of the major recurrent oncogenic mutations involved in melanoma cases from Southern China areas. The data have implications for both clinical trial designs and therapeutic strategies.

Objective To observe glucose metabolism in C57 mice treated with different doses of fluoride.Methods Forty male C57 mice (body weight 20-24 g) were divided into four groups which were exposed to 0,50,100 and 150 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) by random number table according to body weight,each group had 10 mice.At 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 weeks after fluoride exposure,body weight was measured,blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were detected by blood glucose meter and glycosylated hemoglobin meter,serum insulin and glucagon were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results At 10 and 12 weeks after fluoride exposure,the differences of fasting glucose between groups of C57 mice were statistically significant (F =35.12,21.92,all P ＜ 0.05),the fasting glucose of 100,150 mg/L fluoride groups [(7.7 ± 0.2),(7.3 ± 0.3),(8.6 ± 0.5),(9.1 ± 0.7)mmol/L] were higher than those of the control group [(5.4 ± 0.3),(5.0 ± 0.3)mmol/L,all P ＜ 0.01].The differences of glycosylated hemoglobin,glucagons between groups were statistically significant (F =3.85,8.74,all P ＜ 0.05).The glycosylated hemoglobin of 100,150 mg/L fluoride groups [(7.73 ± 0.76),(7.80 ± 1.15) mmo]/L] were higher than those of the control group [(5.43 ± 1.27) mmol/L,all P ＜ 0.05]; serum glucagon levels of 50,100,150 mg/L fluoride groups [(19.15 ± 11.84),(26.55 ± 15.97),(20.05 ± 7.29)ng/L] were lower than that of the control group [(48.35 ± 2.79)ng/L,all P ＜ 0.01].Conclusion Long term excess fluoride intake can reduce the function of sugar metabolism in C57 mice.

Objective To investigate the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in 2014 among Beijing army recruits, and evaluate a new method for screening latent tuberculosis infections.Methods A total of 194 army recruits were subjected to chest X-ray examination purified protein derivative(PPD) skin test, antibody detection, and interferon gamma release assay(IGRA) by ELISA combined with recombinant protein CFP10-ESAT6 and latent infection protein Rv2628.Results The positive rates of PPD skin test and antibody test were 49.7% and 15.5%, respectively.The latent infection rate of IGRA test was 22.2% in 194 cases after CFP10-ESAT6 stimulation.After stimulation of latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI) with Rv2628, IFN-γ level was significantly higher than that in healthy control group (P<0.05).The weak positive group of TST (5 mm≤diameter<15 mm) had a significantly higher level of IFN-γ than the strong positive group(diameter≥15 mm)(P<0.05),but after stimulation with CFP10-ESAT6,IFN-γ levels were not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05).There was no significant difference between antibody negative and positive groups after stimulation by CFP10-ESAT6 and Rv2628 (P>0.05).The area under the ROC curve of Rv2628 diagnosis of tuberculosis infection was 0.84.When Youden index was 0.621,the specificity was 94.7% and sensitivity was 67.4%.ConclusionCombined detection of antigens Rv2628 and CFP10-ESAT6 specific IFN-γ values can be potentially used for differential diagnosis of active or latent tuberculosis infections.