As one of the important indexes for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cardiac output can reflect the state of cardiovascular system timely, and can play a guiding role in the treatment of related diseases. In recent years detection technology of cardiac output has caused great attention, especially minimally invasive and non-invasive methods. In this paper, the principle of non-invasive detection methods and their recent developments are described, and various detection methods are also analyzed.
Cardiac Output ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; diagnosis ; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ; Humans

Objective To observe the effects of recombinant staphylokinase (r-SAK) on platelet activation parameters in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) by intravenous thrombolysis in order to investigate the clinical thrombolytic efficacy of r-SAK therapy in AMI comparing with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator(rt-PA) therapy.Methods Thirty-three patients with AMI within 12 h after the onset were selected and divided randomly into the r-SAK therapy group(n=17) and rt-PA therapy group(n=16).Coronary artery angiography(CAG) was performed 90 min after thrombolytic therapy in patients.Thrombin-antithrombin complex(TAT) and alpha granule membrane protein(GMP-140) were measured by similar commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results In r-SAK group and rt-PA group,the plasma contents of GMP-140 2 h after thrombolytic therapy were significantly higher than before therapy(P0.05).In rt-PA group,the plasma content of TAT 2 h after thrombolytic therapy increased significantly(P0.05).) Conclusion r-SAK has similar effect with rt-PA and it will become available for highly fibrin-selective thrombolytic therapy of AMI.Thrombolytic treatment with r-SAK can improve the injury of myocardial microperfusion.

We examined the effects of intracerebroventricular ( i. c. v) administration of adrenomedullin (ADM) on catecholaminergic neurons and the expression of c-fos gene in rat brain nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation using double immunohistochemical method for Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The results showed that: ( 1 ) Following icy administration of ADM (3 nmol/kg) , double-labeled neurons for Fos and TH were significantly increased in the area postrema ( AP), the nucleus of the solitary tract ( NTS), the nucleus paragigantocelluaris laterialis (PGL) and the locus coeruleus (LC). (2) Pretreatment with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonis CGRP8-37 (30 nmol/kg) significantly reduced the action of ADM (3 nmol/kg) in the brain. The present study suggested that ADM might activate the neurons of the brain nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation, and supported the hypothesis that the central action of ADM were induced by activating the catecholaminergic neurons of brainstem nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation, CGRP receptor might mediate the effects of ADM.

Objective To observe the 12-lead ECG ( electrocardiogram ) characteristics of Japanese rabbits , and provide basic ECG data for cardiovascular disease research .Methods The 12-lead ECG and X-rays of 55 male Japanese rabbits were recorded in supine position after intraperitoneal injection of 20% urethane.Results ECG:① The 12-lead ECG characteristics of male Japanese rabbits were similar to humans .The rabbit heart rate was 265.5 ±36.8 beats/min, faster than that of humans .No arrhythmia was found in all the 55 rabbits.② The supine position average ECG axis was between 19 °to 250 °, varying a lot .③P wave:The shape of P wave was blunt round or a little bit sharp .P waves were all in accordance with the sinus P wave rules , which were more obvious in lead II , aVF and all chest leads .④ The PR interval was 0.063 ±0.007 s.⑤The QRS duration was 0.040 ±0.005 s.The main waves were mostly upward in leadsⅡ,Ⅲ, and aVF .The same as humans , the R/S ratios were increased by degrees in chest leads .⑥The ST segment was short, and was located in the equipotential line .⑦ The shapes of T wave were mostly round , partly had twin peaks .T waves were more obvious in leads Ⅱ,Ⅲ, aVR, and AVF and chest leads .⑧The QT interval was 0.142 ±0.015 s, and QTc was 0.306 ±0.034 s.In the X-rays, most heart shadows were in the center and right chest .Conclusions The normal values of 12-lead ECG characteristics of Japanese rabbits are obtained in this study , which are of certain application value in experimental studies of cardiovascular diseases .

Objective:To evaluate the physiological roles of bmp3,bmp4 and bmp7 during the formation of permanent tooth roots in dog. Methods:The expression of bmp3,bmp4 and bmp7 mRNA at different stages of the development of permanent tooth roots was examined by in situ hybridization in 3 dogs aged 12-18 weeks. Results:bmp3 was found in dental sac surrounding the germs at the early stage of tooth root development, and in cementoblasts and periodontal cells at the later stage. bmp4 was found in odontoblasts, dental papilla and osteoblasts. bmp7 positive signals was found only in epithelial cells of root sheath around cervical circulus at early stage, then located in cementoblasts and odontoblasts at later stage. Conclusion:The spatiotemporal expressions of bmp3,bmp4 and bmp7 are widely diverse, indicating that they participate in the regulation of tooth root development.

Objective To evaluate the long-term effects and safety of diode laser in hair removal.Methods A retrospective study was conducted.In this study,350 patients with hypertrichosis were treated by an 800-nm diode laser with a pulse duration of 30 ms for various sessions.Two groups were divided based on the treatment sessions:group A receiving 6(≥4 for axillae)or more treatments,group B less than 6(＜4 for axillae)treatments.Patients were followed up for 8 months to 3 years(mean 22.5 months)by return visit or telephone.Evaluation of efficacy and side effects were performed.Results Follow-up and evaluation were completed in 235 patients,and a total of 375 sites treated.After 2-18 treatments,a total effective rate of 80.53%(302/375)was achieved.Significant higher effective rates were observed in group B compared with group A at all sites 86.84%(33/38)vs 35.00%(7/20)on the lips,68.42%(26/38)vs 30.77%(4/13)on the face and neck,92.00%(46/50)vs 55.56%(5/9)in lower extremities,86.96%(20/23)vs 50.00%(4/5)on the trunk.93.81%(91/97)vs 55.56%(5/9)at the axillae,92.16%(47/51)vs 73.68%(14/19)in the upper extremities(all P＜0.05),Side effects were noted in only 6 cases,including hyperpigmentation,itching,and development of follicular papules,blisters and white hair.Neither hypopigmentation nor scarring was observed.Conclusions Diode laser system is effective and safe for hair removal.The effect varies with lesional sites and treatment sessions.

Objective To valuate the effect of high energy ultrapulse CO2 laser on congenital melanocytic nevi of the orbit. Methods 46 patient with congenital melanocytic nevi of eyelid, 58 le-sions were vaporized with high energy ultrapulse CO2 laser. The area of the largest one was 3.0 cm×6.0 cm, and the smallest one was 0.3 cm×0.3 cm, with average of 1.3 cm×2.0 cm. The depth of the vaporizing reached the layer of lowest skin, even the orbicularis, aponeurosis and conjunctiva of tarsus, till no melanin on the wound in view, tried the best to reserve the normal follicle of eyelash. There was no eschar and bleeding on the wound during the procedure. Followed up lasted for 1 - 56 months, with average 12.9 months. Results 44 of 46 patients were satisfactory to the effect of the laser. The most of scars resulted from the vaporizing with the laser became evenness and smooth (50/58). The edge of eyelid looked normal after the laser. The excellent result was observed in 84.5 % (49/58) lesions, good in 10.3 % (6/58), and improved in 5.2 % (3/58). The overall effect was 94.8 % (55/58). And eyelashes were getting growth. Conclusion The treatment of con-genital melanocytic nevus of eyelid with high energy ultrapulse CO2 is a good method. But to be careful in selecting the lesions that may not he too large.

Objective To observe glucose metabolism in C57 mice treated with different doses of fluoride.Methods Forty male C57 mice (body weight 20-24 g) were divided into four groups which were exposed to 0,50,100 and 150 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) by random number table according to body weight,each group had 10 mice.At 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 weeks after fluoride exposure,body weight was measured,blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were detected by blood glucose meter and glycosylated hemoglobin meter,serum insulin and glucagon were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results At 10 and 12 weeks after fluoride exposure,the differences of fasting glucose between groups of C57 mice were statistically significant (F =35.12,21.92,all P ＜ 0.05),the fasting glucose of 100,150 mg/L fluoride groups [(7.7 ± 0.2),(7.3 ± 0.3),(8.6 ± 0.5),(9.1 ± 0.7)mmol/L] were higher than those of the control group [(5.4 ± 0.3),(5.0 ± 0.3)mmol/L,all P ＜ 0.01].The differences of glycosylated hemoglobin,glucagons between groups were statistically significant (F =3.85,8.74,all P ＜ 0.05).The glycosylated hemoglobin of 100,150 mg/L fluoride groups [(7.73 ± 0.76),(7.80 ± 1.15) mmo]/L] were higher than those of the control group [(5.43 ± 1.27) mmol/L,all P ＜ 0.05]; serum glucagon levels of 50,100,150 mg/L fluoride groups [(19.15 ± 11.84),(26.55 ± 15.97),(20.05 ± 7.29)ng/L] were lower than that of the control group [(48.35 ± 2.79)ng/L,all P ＜ 0.01].Conclusion Long term excess fluoride intake can reduce the function of sugar metabolism in C57 mice.

Objective The study aimed to evaluate the effects of web-problem-based learning (WPBL) in the application of Fundamental Nursing.Methods The sample was purposively selected.172 students in School of Nursing in Tianjin were recruited as the control group (n=83) and the intervention group (n=89).Traditional teaching method and WPBL was implemented in the control group and the intervention group,respectively.The teaching effectiveness of the two groups was measured by the examination and learning initiative evaluation scale and the teaching effect evaluation questionnaire,and the teaching satisfaction questionnaire was implemented among the intervention group.SPSS 18.0 was used and t test was performed to analyze the comparison between groups.Results In the theoretical examination,the scores of comprehensive analysis of the nursing students in the intervention group were better than those in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).In the evaluation of active learning after school,the scores of control learning in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant ([14.78 ± 2.16),vs.(13.58 ± 2.16),t=-3.58,P=0.000].83 effective questionnaires of intervention group nursing students' teaching satisfaction were recovered.73 of them (88％) thought that WPBL could improve the students' ability of independent learning,71 students (85.5％) found that WPBL could enhance the ability of information processing,73 students (88％) thought they could communicate well with their classmates in WPBL and cooperate well to complete the task.Conclusion WPBL which is on the basis of PBL and make full use of the network,could promote the ability of autonomous learning,information processing and communication with classmates and good cooperation,but in the application process,it needs teachers to organize reasonably,perfect the supervision mechanism,and reduce taking up students' spare time.

Objective To investigate the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in 2014 among Beijing army recruits, and evaluate a new method for screening latent tuberculosis infections.Methods A total of 194 army recruits were subjected to chest X-ray examination purified protein derivative(PPD) skin test, antibody detection, and interferon gamma release assay(IGRA) by ELISA combined with recombinant protein CFP10-ESAT6 and latent infection protein Rv2628.Results The positive rates of PPD skin test and antibody test were 49.7% and 15.5%, respectively.The latent infection rate of IGRA test was 22.2% in 194 cases after CFP10-ESAT6 stimulation.After stimulation of latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI) with Rv2628, IFN-γ level was significantly higher than that in healthy control group (P<0.05).The weak positive group of TST (5 mm≤diameter<15 mm) had a significantly higher level of IFN-γ than the strong positive group(diameter≥15 mm)(P<0.05),but after stimulation with CFP10-ESAT6,IFN-γ levels were not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05).There was no significant difference between antibody negative and positive groups after stimulation by CFP10-ESAT6 and Rv2628 (P>0.05).The area under the ROC curve of Rv2628 diagnosis of tuberculosis infection was 0.84.When Youden index was 0.621,the specificity was 94.7% and sensitivity was 67.4%.ConclusionCombined detection of antigens Rv2628 and CFP10-ESAT6 specific IFN-γ values can be potentially used for differential diagnosis of active or latent tuberculosis infections.