0.05).Conclusion:NAC injection is an effective and well-tolerated mucolytic agent as administered by inhalation route for patients with thick,viscid sputum.

Objective:To evaluate the value and safety of intrathoracic blood transfusion in the treatment of obstinate pneumothorax.Methods:A dose of 400ml matched blood was poured into the pleural cavity of twelve patients with obstinate pneumothorax.Results:After the transfusion of blood ten patients were cured in l h to 2.5d.The total cure rate was 83.3% and the recurrent rate was 10% with chest pain as only side-effect occurred in 8.3% of the sufferers.Comparatively,the parameters observed in the control group of erythromycin injection were 2～13d,61.5%,25% and 46.2%,respectively.Conclusion:This study shows that transfusion of blood into pleural cavity have a potential role in treating obstinate pneumothorax.

Standardized training of resident doctors is the golden stage for clinicians to establish good clinical thinking. Although respiratory disease is common, there are serious and critical diseases, which need to develop clinical thinking and improve the analytical ability. The resident physicians' instructor should help residents to establish the correct diagnostic thinking through the following means: clinical demonstration teaching show, guidance of reading the relevant literature and books, strengthening the basic skills of collecting patients' history and physical examination, and guidance of appropriate use of auxiliary examination and analysis of the results. For the treatment thinking, solid theoretical knowledge and life-long learning ideas and habits can improve the successful rate of initial treatment. Furthermore, being familiar with the efficacy evaluation system and analyzing the reasons for the success and failure of the treatment will help the residents to develop a good therapeutic thinking. The good clinical thinking established by the residents in the department of respiration will be conducive to their own follow-up specialist training and career development.

Objective To investigate the inhibitive effects of biosynthesized short hairpin RNA(shRNA)on the duplication of Influenza A virus(IAV)in human bronchial epithelium(HBE)cells.Methods NP-shRNA and PA-shRNA targeting to the highly conservative sequences of IAV nucleoprotein(NP)and acidic RNA polymerase(PA)were designed and biosynthesized by in vitro transcription,and then were inserted into the plasmid pGenSil-1.After sequencing analysis,the recombinant plasmids NP-shRNA and/or PA-shRNA were transduced into HBE cells followed by infected with IAV A/PR/8/34 H1N1(A/PR8)virus.The cytopathogenic effect(CPE)of the HBE cells,hemagglutination assay(HA)and 50% tissue culture infective dose(TCID50)titer of A/PR8 in the culture supernatants were determined respectively.The mRNA and protein expressions of NP and PA were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively,and the results were compared in order to evaluate the inhibitive efficiency of NP-shRNA and/or PA-shRNA to A/PR8 duplication in HBE cells.Results The content of NP-shRNA and PA-shRNA biosynthesized by in vitro transcription were respectively 59.4 nmol and 50.6 nmol in each 100 ?l.The purity was more than 2.0 and the sequences were verified to be correct after sequencing analysis.The CPE of HBE cells and the virus titer in the culture supernatants of cells transfected with NP-shRNA,PA-shRNA or NP-shRNA+PA-shRNA were markedly lower than those of the control groups.In 3 h after 1 TCID50 A/PR8 infection,the mRNA level of NP in NP-shRNA group,the mRNA level of PA in PA-shRNA group and those in NP-shRNA+PA-shRNA group were 41.7%,43.4%,68.5% and 73.7% respectively,lower than those of the control group.At 48 h after 1 TCID50 A/PR8 infection,NP synthesis were 92.3%,84.0% and 91.7% respectively of those of the control group.Conclusion Anti-IAV NP-shRNA and PA-shRNA are successfully prepared by in vitro transcription.Both of those markedly inhibit the reproduction of IAV A/PR8 and produce a favorable protective effect on HBE cells.

Objective To investigate the clinical feature on pulmonary complications after renal transplantation,in order to provide the evidence of prevention and treatment of pulmonary complications.Methods The clinical data of 125 renal transplant re-cipients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from December 2006 to December 2011 were studied retro-spectively.To analyze and summarize the clinical characteristics of postoperative pulmonary complications including the incidence, the time of onset,etiology or risk factors,treatment,outcome,et al.Results Twenty-three patients(18.4%)developed pulmonary complications after renal transplantation.The most frequent complication was pulmonary infection(n = 22,17.6%),followed by pleural effusion(n=12,9.6%),pulmonary edema(n= 7,5.6%),respiratory tract bleeding(n=4,3.2%),acute lung graft versus host reaction(n=1,0.8%)and atelectasis(n= 1,0.8%).Conclusion Pulmonary infection,pleural effusion and pulmonary edema are common pulmonary complications after renal transplantation.Patients who develop pulmonary infection and pulmonary edema have a poor prognosis.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of pulmonary infection after allogeneic hemato-poietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT) .Methods The clinical data of 37 allo-HSCT patients treated in our transplantation u-nit from 2010 to 2012 were performed the retrospective analysis .Results Among 17 cases of allo-HSCT ,33 case-times of pulmona-ry infection occurred after transplantation ,in which more than twice pulmonary infection occurred in 11 cases ,the total occurrence rate of pulmonary infection was 45 .9% (17/37) .5 cases directly died of pulmonary infection .Only 39 .4% case-times of pulmonary infection had the pathogenic evidence .Fungal infection ,especially Candida albicans ,was predominant .The univariate analysis showed that pulmonary infection was significantly associated with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) non-identical of donor and recip-ient and graft versus host disease(GVHD)(P=0 .041 ,0 .013) ,and had no obvious correlation with the other factors (P>0 .05) . The multivariate analysis showed that the HLA non-identical of donor and recipient and GVHD were significantly associated with the occurrence of pulmonary infection (P=0 .041 ,0 .021) .Conclusion Postoperative pulmonary infection is a common complication following allo-HSCT ,which has larger threat to the patients .HLA non-identical and GVHD are significantly correlated with pulmo-nary infection after allo-HSCT .

Objective To investigate the clinical efifcacy of Tiotropium Bromide inhaler on patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods 134 cases with stable COPD were equally randomized into three groups. The conventional treatment group(n=46) were 40 male and 6 femal, aged (63.20±9.3)years old and treated with sustained-release theophylline 0.1 g orally. Observation group with 18μg Tiotropium Bromide(n=45) were 40 male and 5 femal, aged (63.4±85)years old, and given inhaled Tiotropium Bromide 18μg. Observation group with 32μg Tiotropium Bromide(n=43) were 39 male and 4 femal, aged (63.2±9.0)years old, and given inhaled Tiotropium Bromide 32 μg. All patients received same routine therapy, and lasted for 4 weeks. improvement Pre-and post-treatment Lung function and quality of life were compared among those groups. Results In observation group, the results of St George respiratory questionnaire decreased signiifcantly after treatment, which was signiifcantly lower than those of the routine-treatment group (P<0.05). FEV 1/FVC, FEV 1/Pred, FEV 1 were signiifcantly higher than those before treatment (P<0.05). However, the control group showed no signiifcant difference. Conclusion Inhaled Tiotropium Bromide can improve lung function and life quality of paitents with stable COPD, the dose with 32μg per day, which was signiifcantly lower than 18μg per day.

0.05), but for the DCs with low DC-SIGN expression, the ability was much lower than those of the other group did (P

Objective:To construct the eukaryotic vector of human DC-SIGN and EGFP fusion protein,and to identify the protein in cell line COS7.Methods:RT-PCR,T-vector and pEGFP-C1 vector were used to construct the recombinant expressing plasmid encoding for the fusion protein of DC-SIGN and EGFP.COS7 cells were transfected with the plasmid.Real-time PCR and laser scanning confocal microscope were used to quantificate expression of the fusion protein and cell function of uptaking BCG.Results:DC-SIGN cDNA was successfully cloned into the eukaryotic vector pEGFP-C1.The recombinant vector was transfected into COS7,real-time PCR test showed the amount of mRNA encoding for the fusion protein was 4.52?1011 copies/ml and laser scanning confocal microscope confirmed that the cells could uptake BCG.Conclusion:We have constructed a recombinant vector expressing DC-SIGN and EGFP fusion protein.

Objective To research the effects of different titers of bacteriophage D29 on growth and function of airway epithelial cell 9HTE.Methods Cell viability rates was analyzed after applying high(109 PFU/mL)and low(107 PFU/mL)titers of bacteriophage D29 and phage buffer respectively by MTT colorimetry.Additionally,the secretion levels of IL-6,IL-8 in cell culture supernatant were detected by ELISA.RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA.Cell apoptosis rate was analyzed by flow cytometry.Results There was no difference in cell growth,secretion levels of IL-6,IL-8,ICAM-1 mRNA and cell apoptosis rate between cells treated with high and low titers of D29 and phage buffer(P>0.05).Conclusion Neither high nor low titer of bacteriophage D29 exerts effect on growth and function of airway epithelial cell 9HTE in vitro.