Objective To study the diagnosis and treatment of portal vein complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 173 patients receiving orthotopic liver transplantation in our hospital from 2002 to 2005 were retrospectively analyzed. Results The incidence of portal vein complications was 3.5% (6 cases). The incidence of portal vein stenosis was 1.2% and that of portal vein thrombosis was 2. 3%. Three cases had previously been treated for portal hypertension and three cases had had a history of portal vein thrombosis before liver transplantation. All the complicated patients recovered and were discharged after successful treatment. There was no complication related mortality. Conclusions A history of previous treatment for portal hypertension, portal vein thrombosis is a risk factor predisposing the patients to portal vein complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Color Doppler sonography is a sensitive and specific method for monitoring the portal vein complications following orthotopic liver transplantation. The angiography of portal vein is essential for diagnosis of the complications. Thrombolysis treatment is unsatisfactory for advanced stage portal vein thrombosis. Balloon dilation and stenting are both a safe and effective management modality for simple portal vein stenosis.

Objective To investigate the changes of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) after partial hepatectomy in patients with liver cirrhosis and their relationship with liver regeneration. Methods Thirty-five patients with partial hepatectomy between June 2007 and August 2009 were enrolled,according to whether cirrhosis were divided into cirrhosis group (16 cases) and non-cirrhosis group (19 cases). Liver size were measured with angiographic computed tomography at 7,30,90 d after operation. Regeneration rate of remnant liver were calculated. The serum concentrations of HGF and VEGF were meaaured. Postoperative hepatic function and complications incidence rate were comparatively analyzed. Results Compared with non-cirrhosis group, the postoperative hepatic function of cirrhosis group suffered serious damage. In non-cirrhosis group, the remnant liver regeneration rate reached (63.6± 15.9)%, (79.4 ± 17.2)%, (97.2 ± 18.3)% at 7,30,90 d after operation,in cirrhosis group,it reached (41.7 ± 10.7)%, (55.7 ± 13.2)%, (76.6 ± 12.5)%, liver in non-cirrhosis group regenerated rapidly (P <0.05). After hepatectomy,the HGF levels in cirrhosis group increased significantly at 1,3,7 d than those in non-cirrhosis group(P ＜ 0.05), but the VEGF levels were lower. Conclusions Liver in the patients with cirrhosis regenerate slowly and it may be due to in part through a decrease in VEGF. Whether it may,when given therapeutically represent a strategy to optimize liver regeneration in problematic patients needs to be clarified.

Objective To evaluate surgical resection combined with RFA and TACE for multiple hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods Between 2010 and 2013, 27 multiple hepatocellular carcinoma cases were treated with surgical resection combined with RFA and TACE.The clinical data and postoperative complications were observed.Results Left lateral lobectomy was performed in 4 patients, left hemihepatectomy was performed in 8 patients, right liver resection was performed in 3 patients, irregular right liver resection was performed in 12 patients.The operation time was (223 ± 77) min, The intraoperative bleeding was (435 ± 144) ml.There were not postoperative severe complications, such as hepatic hematoma, liver abscess, intraabdominal hemorrhage, liver failure.Unresected focus uderwent complete necrosis or liquefaction in the RFA regions as shown by CT scanning after 1 month in 24 patients.Postoperative, TACE was performed regularly in all the patients.Lipiodol deposition on the margin of RFA regions was found in 3 patients.After a year, new foci were found in 9 cases.Patients were followed-up from 8-39 months.The median survival time after operation was 26.3 months.The survival rates were 92％, 60％, 15％, respectively after 1, 2, 3 year.Conclusions For patients with multiple hepatocellular carcinoma, surgical resection combined with RFA and TACE was safe and effective.

Objective To investigate the regulation of CCL22/CCR4 signaling on CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) and immune escape in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods CCL22,interleukin-2 (IL-2),transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β),and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in tumor tissue of 30 HCC patients were determined by ELISA.Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated and assayed by flow cytometry to evaluate the change of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs in tumor tissue,and CCR4 in CD4 + CD25 +Tregs were detected.Results The CCL22 level in tumor tissue was obviously increased.The level of CCL22 in tumor tissue was (920.1-± 180.1)ng/L,which was significantly higher than that in non-tumor tissue [(227.2 ± 108.6) ng/L; P ＜ 0.05].The tumor infiltrating CD4 + CD25 + Tregs was obviously increased,reaching approximately to (13.3 ±4.0)％,and the CCR4 expression in CD4+ CD25 + Tregs increased to (8.8 ± 3.0) ％.Along with progression in clinical TNM staging,the levels of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs and CD4 + CD25 + CCR4 + Tregs in tumor tissue increased,and were correlated with the CCL22 level.IL-2 level in tumor tissue was decreased,but TGF-β and IL-10 levels were increased.HCC tissue can secrete a large amount of CCL22 that could recruit CD4 + CD25 + Tregs to tumor tissue by activating CCL22/CCR4 signaling.CD4 + CD25 + Tregs played an important role in the immune escape of HCC by releasing plenty of TGF-β and IL-10 and inhibiting IL-2 secretion.Conclusion This study validates CCL22/CCR4 as therapeutic targets in immunotherapy for HCC.

This study aimed at comparing the precise powder decoction pieces and market raw TCM slices of P.cacumen over the decocting quality.ITS2 sequence was adopted as a DNA barcode to identify P.cacumen.The chemical composition of the medicinal materials was characterized by HPLC fingerprints for the evaluation of the similarity of precise powder decoction pieces and market TCM slices.The concentrations of quercitrin were determined using UPLC,and the characteristic common peaks were identified.In addition,the extraction efficiency between the market TCM slices and the precise powder decoction pieces was also compared by standard decoction method.It was found that P.cacumen was accurately identified by ITS2 sequences.HPLC fingerprints showed that the extraction efficiency and similarity of the precise powder decoction pieces increased compared with the market TCM slices.However,the extraction yield rate of the precise powder decoction pieces was improved by 20％ increased in accordance with the standard decoction method,while the contents of the index component,quercitrin,presented rare increase and the decocting rates of the other chemical components little change in the study.In conclusion,it was indicated that precise powder decoction pieces improved the extraction efficiency and uniformity in comparison with TCM slices.

This study aimed at evaluating the quality of precise powder decoction pieces (PPDP) of E.Folium (EF) compared with the traditional commercial slices by chemical fingerprint methods and DNA molecular identification technology.Different specifications of PPDP were prepared,and their dry extract contents were in contrast with that of commercial slices.The slices of EF were identified using ITS2 and psbA-trnH sequences.Three batches of commercial slices were collected,and the content uniformity,fingerprint and similarity evaluation before and after the mixing and pulverization were detected by HPLC-DAD and DNA sequence alignment.It was found that the paste rate of PPDP was slightly higher than that of the traditional commercial slices.The dissolution of chlorogenic acid of PPDP was higher than that of the traditional commercial slices.RSD of inter-assay dissolutions of chlorogenic acid of commercial slices was 15.56％,which was reduced to 6.82％ after mixing and preparing into PPDP.The fingerprints showed that the similarity of the PPDP of EF was elevated with the inceases of 10 marketed common peaks.The PPDP of EF was accurately identified by ITS2 and psbA-trnH sequences.In conclusion,compared with traditional commercial slices of EF,the PPDP apparently improved the dissolution rate and the quality uniformity,demonstrated that the boiled powder of CRP achieved obvious clinic advantages.

This study aimed at investigating the drug preparation of precise powder decoction pieces (PPDP) system,Fallopia multiflora radix preparata (FMRP) was employed in this study.Different specifications of PPDP were prepared,their extract rates were in contrast with the original pieces.Compared the quality uniformity of three batches between FMRP original slices and its PPDP extraction,the similarity of the chemical fingerprints was evaluated,and the contents of common peaks and quality uniformity were compared by relative peak areas.ITS2 sequence was taken as a DNA barcode to identify F.multiflora radix (FMR).As a result,the extract rate of PPDP was 2.5 times as much as the original slices.The average content of stilbene glucoside from the three original slices and the PPDP extraction were 3.56 ± 2.61 and 13.23 ± 0.37 mg·g-1,respectively;while the RSD were 73.28％ and 2.82％.The similarity of the fingerprints of the PPDP extraction was almost the same as that of the original slices,but the content and the uniformity of the common peaks of the PPDP extraction were significantly improved.Thus,FMR was accurately identified using ITS2 sequences.It was concluded that the PPDP considerably improve the decocting rate and quality uniformity,indicating that PPDP could save resources and improve the clinical efficacy.

Ginseng is the dried root and rhizome of Panax ginseng.The lack of genomic data has restricted the development of ginseng industry and basic research.The genome size of P.ginseng was estimated to be 3.42 Gb by using the genome data of Oryza sativa ssp.Nipponbare and Glycine max (L.) Merrill as the reference and the flow cytometric analysis.Meanwhile,shotgun libraries with the insert size of 250 bp and 500 bp were constructed,and sequenced for double terminal PE 150 by using Illumina Hiseq X Ten platform.Totally,183.82 Gb high quality data was obtained after filtering the raw data.The genome size of P.ginseng was 3.35 Gb and the sequencing depth was 54.87 X by K-mer analysis.In this study,flow cytometry and K-mer analysis were used to identify the genome size of ginseng,which provided basic data for the further whole genome sequencing and herbgenomics studies.

Ginseng ( C.A. Meyer) is one of the best-selling herbal medicines, with ginsenosides as its main pharmacologically active constituents. Although extensive chemical and pharmaceutical studies of these compounds have been performed, genome-wide studies of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors of ginseng are still limited. The bHLH transcription factor family is one of the largest transcription factor families found in eukaryotic organisms, and these proteins are involved in a myriad of regulatory processes. In our study, 169 bHLH transcription factor genes were identified in the genome of , and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these PGbHLHs could be classified into 24 subfamilies. A total of 21 RNA-seq data sets, including two sequencing libraries for jasmonate (JA)-responsive and 19 reported libraries for organ-specific expression analyses were constructed. Through a combination of gene-specific expression patterns and chemical contents, 6 PGbHLH genes from 4 subfamilies were revealed to be potentially involved in the regulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis. These 6 PGbHLHs, which had distinct target genes, were further divided into two groups depending on the absence of MYC-N structure. Our results would provide a foundation for understanding the molecular basis and regulatory mechanisms of bHLH transcription factor action in .

Objective: Plant hormones act as chemical messengers in the regulation of plant development and metabolism. The production of ginsenosides in Panax hybrid is promoted by auxins that are transported and accumulated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) and PIN-LIKES (PILS) auxin transporters. However, genome-wide studies of PIN/PILS of ginseng are still scarce. In current study, identification and transcriptional profiling of PIN/PILS gene families, as well as their potential relationship with ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng were investigated. Methods: PIN/PILS genes in P. ginseng was identified via in silico genome-wide analysis, followed by phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, and protein profiles investigation. Moreover, previously reported RNA-sequence data from various tissues and roots after infection were utilized for PIN/PILS genes expression pattern analysis. The Pearson's correlation analysis of specific PIN/PILS genes expression level and main ginsenoside contents were taken to reveal the potential relationship between auxin transports and ginsenoside biosynthesis in P. ginseng. Results: A genome-wide search of P. ginseng genome for homologous auxin transporter genes identified a total of 17 PIN and 11 PILS genes. Sequence alignment, putative motif organization, and sub-cellular localization indicated redundant and complementary biological functions of these PIN/PILS genes. Most PIN/PILS genes were differentially expressed in a tissue-specific manner, and showed significant correlations with ginsenoside content correspondingly. Eight auxin transporter genes, including both PIN and PILS subfamily members, were positively correlated with ginsenoside content (cor > 0.60; P-value <0.05). The expression levels of eleven auxin transporter genes were increased dramatically in the early stage (0–0.5 DPI) after Cylindrocarpon destructans infection, accompanied with various overall expression patterns, implying the dynamic auxin transport in response to biotic stress. Conclusion: Based on the results, we speculate that the accumulation or depletion in temporal or spatial manner of auxin by PIN/PILS transporters involved in the regulation of HMGR activity and subsequent ginsenoside biosynthesis.