Objective To study the chemical constituents of the South China Sea black coral Amtipathes dichotoma. Methods Compounds were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatography on silica gel and their structures were identified by spectral analyses and compared with literatures. Results Ten compounds were obtained from A. dichotoma and characterized as stigma-7,22-dien-3?,5?,6?-triol (Ⅰ),5,8-epidioxycampesta-6,22-dien-3-ol (Ⅱ),cholesterol (Ⅲ),(2S,3R,4E,8E)-2-N-(2'-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) hexadecasphinga-4,8-diene (Ⅳ),(2S,3R,4E)-2-N-(2'-hydroxytetracosanoyl) octadecasphinga-4-ene (Ⅴ),batyl alcohol (Ⅵ),thymine (Ⅶ),thymidine (Ⅷ),uracil (Ⅸ),and guanine (Ⅹ). Conclusion All compounds are obtained from Amtipathes dichotoma. for the first time.

Objective: To study the relationships among attributional style, self-efficacy and subjective well-being(SWB). Methods: 269 college students participated the study. Attributional Style Questionnaire , Self-efficacy Questionnaire and Subjective Well-being(SWB) Questionnaire were applied to the college students. Results: ① Attributional style predicated SWB, but three dimensions (internality-externality; whole-part; controllability-uncontrollability)of negative events were significant negative predicators of SWB. ② Self-efficacy was a significant positive predicator of SWB. ③ There were no differences in SWB between sexes and specialities. ④ There were significant differences in SWB between students with different self-efficacy levels, and the SWB of high self-efficacy group was better than that of the low self-efficacy group. Conclusion: College students'attributional style and self-efficacy impact their subjective well-being.Educators should cultivate students's positive attributional style and enhance their self-efficacy.

To explore the safety of ropinirole in the treatment of Parkinson′s disease( PD).A total of 221 PD patients participated in a multi-center,12-week randomized,bromocriptine-controlled,double-blind, double-dummy and parallel-group trial.The safety was assessed on the basis of adverse reactions , blood pressure,pulse,laboratory parameters and electrocardiography recordings.The incidence of adverse reaction was 34.9%in ropinirole group and 34.8% in bromocriptine group.And the frequency of adverse reactions had no inter-group statistical significance (χ2 =0.000,P=0.995).Ropinirole has an excellent profile of safety in the treatment of Chinese PD patients.

Objective To investigate changes in serum level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and its clinical significance. Methods Serum GFAP was determined with sandwich ELISA for 82 patients with PD and acute cerebral infarction (ACI), as well as healthy normal controls. Patients with PD were then divided into two sub-groups in terms of their course duration, one with less than five years and the other with more than or equal to five years. Effects of course duration and age of the patients on their serum GFAP were analyzed. Results Serum level of GFAP was significantly higher in patients with PD [(1.628±0.104) μg/L] and ACI [(1. 637±0. 063 )μg/L] than that in healthy normal controls [ (0. 025±0. 003)μg/L, t = 82. 7, 142. 2, all P <0. 05 ]. But, there was no significant difference in serum GFAP between patients with PD and ACI ( t =0. 214, P > 0. 05 ). Serum level of GFAP in PD patients had no significant correlation with their age. There was no significant difference in serum GFAP between two sub-groups of patients with PD (P > 0.05 ). Conclusions Serum level of GFAP increased significantly in PD patients, as compared to healthy normal controls, but it is not specific. Serum GFAP in patients with PD maintained at certain high level with progression of the disease, indicating effect of astrocytes may persistently exist during the disease course.

One hundred patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) aged 60 and above treated with levodopa were enrolled in this cross section study.The general conditions,medication,unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) scores and the incidence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) were documented.The incidence rate of LID in this group of PD patients was 37.0％ (37/100).The incidence was significantly higher in patients with levodopa treatment ≥ 4 years than that in patients with levodopa treatment ＜ 4 years (55％ vs.26％,x2 =8.770,P =0.003).The incidence rate ofpeak dosage dyskinesia in tremor-dominant PD patients was lower than that in rigidity-dominant PD patients(x2 =4.399,P =0.036).The incidence rate of LID was correlated with the duration of levodopa therapy.Amantadine may reduce the incidence of off dystonia.

A cross sectional study of 769 patients was performed to evaluate the association of blood uric acid with coronary heart disease (CHD) in different metabolic disorders. It showed that uric acid was not independently associated with CHD. However, when the other abnormal metabolic factors were absent, uric acid might be related to CHD.

Objective To investigate the value of gradient echo T2'* -weighted imaging for detection of familial cerebral cavernous malformation (FCCM). Methods Twenty-six members in 2 families of FCCM were examined at 3.0 T by using CT, conventional MRI and GRE T2'*2'-WI sequences to detect numbers of FCCM. Results Twelve cases of FCCM were found by GRE T2'*-WI sequences. These patients all had multiple lesions(average of 23). The lesions were mainly located in ganglia area, followed by cortico-subcortical, thalamus, cerebellar and brain stem. These lesions appeared as special reticulated core of mixed signal intensity with a surrounding rim of decreased signal intensity representing bemosiderin from previous hemorrhages. The numbers of lesions (average of 5-17) and cases of FCCM (average of 3-9) examined by the conventional MRI were decreasing in the order of SE, DWI, T2FLAIR, T1WI and T2WI, each less than GRE T2'*-WI. CT only identified 3 cases with big lesions combined with hemorrhage and calcification.Conclusions GRE T2'*-WI could be a better choice of MRI sequence in diagnosing FCCM compared with CT and conventional MRI.

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical efficacy of deep acupuncture at Lianquan (CV 23) and Yifeng (TE 17) combined with swallowing training for post-stroke dysphagia.

METHODSSixty cases of post-stroke dys phagia were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each one. Patients in the observation group, based on the regular acupuncture treatment, were treated with deep acupuncture at Lianquan (CV 23) and Yifeng (TE 17), once a day, 30 min per treatment; also swallowing training was combined, twice a day, 20 min per treatment. Patients in the control group were treated with swallowing training. All the patients were treated with regular treatment of stroke. Six days of treatment were taken as one session, and totally 3 sessions were given with an interval of one day between sessions. The video fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) dysphagia evaluation scale and Watian water swallow test (WWST) were evaluated before and after treatment also the clinical efficacy and the recovery time of two groups were compared.

RESULTSAfter treatment, the VFSS score in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group (P < 0.01); the WWST in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group (P < 0.01). The cured rate was 70.0% (21/30) in the observation group, which was significantly superior to 43.3% (13/30) in the control group (P < 0.01); the total effective rate was 86.7% (26/30) in the observation group, which was significantly superior to 66.7% (20/30) in the control group (both P < 0.01). The clinical recovery time in the observation group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONDeep acupuncture at Lianquan (CV 23) and Yifeng (TE 17) combined with swallowing training could effectively improve post-stroke swallow function.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Deglutition ; Deglutition Disorders ; etiology ; physiopathology ; rehabilitation ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stroke ; complications ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To evaluate the effect of Parkinson's disease treatment guideline on the initial medicine therapy and to explore the impact of hospital grade level and type of insurance on the initial prescription for Parkinson's disease.Methods We identified 136 PD patients as part of a population-based study in Beijing and made a comparison between the patients with initial prescriptions of dopamine receptor agonists (DA) and levodopa (LD).Results Among 136 patients,excluding patients without initial medication of levodopa or dopamine receptor agonist,there were 61 cases with initial drug administration aged ≥ 65 years.Among the 61 cases,1 cases and 19 cases administrated dopamine receptor agonist and levodopa respectively before 2006,1 case and 11 cases respectively from 2007 to 2009,and 5 cases and 24 cases respectively after 2010.There was no significant difference in the percentage between patients with initial administration of levodopa and dopamine receptor agonist in the three periods (x2 =1.891,P =0.388).In 41 patients with initial drug administration of dopamine receptor agonist or levodopa aged＜65 years,1 cases and 23 cases administrated dopamine receptor agonist or levodopa respectively before 2006,0 case and 10 cases respectively from 2007 to 2009,and 3 cases and 4 cases respectively after 2010.There was significant differences in the percentage between patients with initial administration of levodopa and dopamine receptor agonist in the three periods (x2 =10.644,P=0.005).The percentage of patients with initial administration of dopamine receptor agonist aged＜65 years was increased after 2010 as compared before 2006 (x2 =7.219,P=0.028).There were no significant differences in the percentage of patients with initial administration of dopamine receptor agonist between grade 3 and non-grade 3 hospitals (13.6％ vs.6.3％,x2=0.675,P=0.686)and between patients with and without insurance (13.1％ vs.10.0％,x2=0.141,P=1.000).Conclusions The percentage of patients with initial administration of levodopa and dopamine receptor agonist has no significant difference between patients with initial drug administration aged ≥ 65 years before and after the introduction of Parkinson's disease treatment guideline,while the percentage is increased in patients with initial drug administration aged＜65 years.No impact of hospital grade level and type of insurance on initial administration for Parkinson's disease is found.

Objective To investigate the expression level of adenosine 2A receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes and the correlation with disease progression of Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods In this retrospcctive study,out patients with PD(42 cases)and healthy controls(32 cases) were recruited at Beijing Hospital.The expression level of A2A receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry.The concentration of free A2A receptors in plasma was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The expression of A2A receptors and plasma free A2A receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the PD group and the control group was compared.Multivariate regression analysis and single factor correlation analysis were performed on sex,age,course of disease,duration of medication,drug type and dose,motor complications,and PD unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS)score.Results A2A receptor expression in lymphocytes was significantly higher in the PD group than in the control group (8.96 ± 4.73)％ vs.(5.39±2.42)％ (t=4.210,P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in A2A receptor concentrations in plasma between the two groups (1.82 ± 1.91) μg/L vs.(1.15 ± 0.71) μg/L(t=1.078,P＞0.05).In the PD group,A2A receptor expression in lymphocytes in patients with motor complications was statistically lower than in patients without them (P＜ 0.05).Lymphocyte A2A receptor levels in the 5-9 years duration subgroup were significantly lower than those in the ＜5 years duration subgroup (Z=2.780,P＜0.01) and the≥10 years duration subgroup (Z=-2.149,P＜0.05).Conclusions The expression of A2A receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes is correlated with PD.The expression of A2 A receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with PD fluctuates with the occurrence of motor complications and the progression of disease.Further research is needed to establish A2A receptors as a biomarker for monitoring disease progression.