The afferent projections to the head of the caudate nucleus of rat from subcortical nuclei were studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Experiment were carried out in a series of adult rat. Under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia, 0.2～0.5,?l of 50% solution of HRP was injected slowly into the head of the caudate nucleus of the rat. according to the stereotaxic atlas by Massopust, Jr. After a survival time of 6～72 h, the animals were perfused with fixative solution (1.25% glutaraldehyde and 2.0% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer, at pH 7.4). The brain was removed and then postfixed in same fixative at 4℃ for 6～18h. The frozen sections were incubated in a medium containing 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride and hydrogen peroxide. The sections were examined microscopically under both bright-field and dark-field illumination. Labelled neurons were found ipsilaterally in the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and substantia nigra of the midbrain. They were also found in the dorsal nucleus of the midbrain raphe, mainly ipsilaterally, scantily contralaterally. Statistical examination showed as follows: The substantia nigra of the midbrain has the most labelled neurons, the dorsal nucleus of the midbrain raphe has the least labelled neurons, while the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus has moderate number of labelled neurons. The afferent projections to the head of the caudate nucleus of the rat from the subcortical nuclei may play the role in the mechanism of pain and pain control.

Since the human gene code had been broken,the high through-out technologies based on genome-wide analysis have been well developed and extensively applied in cancers,which brought the innovation for the discovery of the pathogenesis and targeted drugs development of the cancer.After the successful application of these technologies in lymphomas,for example,gene expression profile in the diffuse large B cell lymphoma and next-generation sequencing technologies in hairy cell leukemia and Waldentr(o)m's macroglobulinemia,more and more researchers have tried to applied kinds of high through-out technologies in lymphomas,expecting to make improvements for the pathogenesis and prognosis of lymphomas.Many of the results had been reported in the 54th ASH annual meeting.

The segmental and regional projections of the sciatic, tibial and common peroneal nerves to the substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord in rats were studied with the acid phosphatase method. Experiments were carried on 42 rats. Under chloral hydrate anesthesia, sciatic, tibial and common peroneal nerves were severed respecively. Then, after a survival time of 5～12 days, the lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord were removed and sectioned. The frozen sections were incubated with the modified Gomori's method.The projections of the sciatic and tibial nerves to the substantia gelatinosa (SG)were found in L_2～S_1, while these of the common peroneal nerve in L_(2～6).The projections of the sciatic nerve were found in the most medial, the intermediate and the most lateral parts of SG in the segments L_(2～3), and in entire SG in the segments L_4～S_1.The projections of the tibial nerve were shown in the most medial and the intermediate parts of SG in the segments L_(2～5), and in the medial parts of SG at L_6～S_1.The projections of the common peroneal nerve were found in the intermediate parts of SG in all segments L_(2～6).The above study has provided anatomical data for probing into the mechanism of somatosplanchnic interrelations and the principle governing acupuncture anesthesia.

The normal structure of axonal terminals in lamina V of cervical spinal cordof the adult rat was examined with EM.Among 4039 various types of terminals inlamina V,the terminals with clear round synaptic vesicles(R)and the terminalswith clear flat synaptic vesicles(F)constitute about 40% each,the terminals withlarge granular vesicles(LG)about 16% and the central terminals of syntapticglomeruli about 3%.In addition,about 3.2% of the various types of terminalscontain neurofilaments,about 0.9% exhibit low electron dense axoplasm and thevesicles are partly lost or clumping.The synapses of the terminals in lamina V aremainly axodendritic,a small number of them are axoaxonal.There are more F,fewer R and LG in lamina V than those in lamina Ⅱ;thesynapses between the terminals and proximal dendrites,and axosomatic synapses aremore commonly seen in lamina V than in Ⅱ.

In order to provide anatomical basis for transoral approach (TOA) in dealing with the ventro lesions of craniocervical junction, and the design and application of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint, microsurgical dissecting was performed on 8 fresh craniocervical specimens layer by layer through transoropharyngeal approach. The stratification of posterior pharyngeal wall, course of vertebral artery, adjacent relationship of atlas and axis and correlative anatomical parameters of replacement of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint were observed. Besides, 32 sets of atlanto-axial joint in adults' fresh bony specimens were measured with a digital caliper and a goniometer, including the width of bony window of anterior arch of atlas, the width of bony window of axis vertebra, the distance between superior and inferior two atlas screw inserting points, the distance between two axis screw inserting points etc. It was found that the width of atlas and axis which could be exposed were 40.2+/-3.5 mm and 39.3+/-3.7 mm respectively. The width and height of posterior pharyngeal wall which could be exposed were 40.1+/-5.2 mm and 50.2+/-4.6 mm respectively. The distance between superior and inferior two atlas screw inserting points was 28.0+/-2.9 mm and 24.0+/-3.5 mm respectively, and the distance of bilateral axis screw inserting points was 18.0+/-1.2 mm. The operative exposure position through TOA ranged from inferior part of the clivus to the superior part of the C3 vertebral body. Posterior pharyngeal wall consisted of 5 layers and two interspaces: mucosa, submucosa, superficial muscular layer, anterior fascia of vertebrae, anterior muscular layer of vertebrae and posterior interspace of pharynx, anterior interspace of vertebrae. This study revealed that it had the advantages of short operative distance, good exposure and sufficient decompression in dealing with the ventro lesions from the upper cervical to the lower clivus through the TOA. The replacement of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint is suitable and feasible. The design of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint should be based on the above data.
Atlanto-Axial Joint/*anatomy & histology ; Atlanto-Axial Joint/*surgery ; Bone Plates ; Bone Screws ; Cadaver ; Cervical Vertebrae/*anatomy & histology ; Cervical Vertebrae/surgery ; Equipment Design ; Internal Fixators ; Joint Prosthesis ; Models, Anatomic ; Odontoid Process/*surgery ; Prosthesis Design

Objective To demonstrate the effect of comprehensive treatment under nasal endoscopy for epistaxis. Methods The bleeding sites of 92 patients were defined by nasal endoscopic examination. Epistaxis was cured by single pole or bipolar coagulation, combined with micro packing and systemic treatment. The bleeding sites and effect were studied retrospectively. Results The hemorrhagic foci were found in the following sites: 60.87%(56/92) in Little area, 13.04%(12/92) in the middle and back of nasal septum, 10.87% (10/92) in olfactory sulcus, 8.70% (8/92) in middle turbinate , 3.26% (3/92) at the top of inferior meatus, 2.17% (2/92) at the top of nasal cavity, 1.09% (1/92) at unknown part at the back of nasal cavity. Epistaxis was successfully controlled by once nasal endoscopic examation and hemostasis in 86 of 92 patients. While in 5 of 92 patients, epistaxis was cured by twice nasal endoscopic examation and hemostasis. Endoscopicligation of the sphenopalatineartery was performed in 1 patient with unknown posteriorepistaxis. In 92 patients,15 cases were given micro packing combined with systemic treatment. All the patients were cured and were followed up for 3 months without recurrence and the cure rate was 100.00%. Conclusions The major bleeding site is Little area. Single pole or bipolar coagulation, combined with micro packing and systemic treatment under nasal endoscope is effective for epistaxis and worth of clinic application extensively.

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic cystitis remains a common complication of hematopoietlc stem cell transplantation.Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) affects proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, adjusts functions of monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and endothelial cells.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of GM-CSF bladder irrigation in hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem call transplantation.DESIGN: Case analysis.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 15 hematopathy patients undergoing allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2004 to August 2006 (routine treatment group). A total of 16 hematopathy patients undergoing allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from September 2006 to December 2008 (GM-CSF group).METHODS: In the routine treatment group, patients received mesna, hydration, alkalization and forced diuresis in the prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis. In the GM-CSF group, GM-CSF was infused into the bladder in addition to mesna,hydration, alkalization and forced diuresis in the prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis 24 hours before cyclophosphamide treatment. Catheter was extracted 3 days following cyclophosphamide withdraw. Following washing with saline, the bladder was emptied. 10 mL of saline and 5 mL of lidocaine were added into 300 μg of GM-CSF. The mixture was infused into the bladder for 60-120 minutes.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following parameters were measured: occurrence of hemorrhagic cystitis and its correlation to graft versus host disease, as well as the occurrence of cytomegalovirus infection and urinary system infection.RESULTS: Compared with routine treatment group, the occurrence rate of hemorrhagic cystitis was significantly decreased in the GM-CSF group (x2=4.39, P < 0.05), mean duration of hemorrhagic cystitis and duration of hospitalization were significantly shortened (t=3.97, P < 0.05; t=3.13, P < 0.05), and the occurrence rate of over grade HI hemorrhagic cystitis was significantly reduced (x2=5.04, P < 0.05). Cystitis degree was associated with degree and duration of graft-versus-host disease (r = 0.76).Compared with the routine treatment group, cytomegalovirus infection rate was slightly decreased in the GM-CSF group (x2=0.28, P> 0.05), and occurrence rate of over grade Ⅲ hemorrhagic cystitis was higher in patients with cytomegalovirus infection.Compared with the routine treatment group, the occurrence rate of urinary system infection was slightly reduced in the GM-CSF group (x2=0.28, P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: GM-CSF bladder irrigation is well tolerated and often effective, and should be considered as a preparative regimen of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem call transplantation.

Objective To investigate the feasbility of the orient differentiation from embryo hepatic Sca-1+ cell to hepatic cell or hepatic cell precursor under the induction of hepatocyte growth factor(HGF) and acor fibroblast growth factor(aFGF) in vitro. Methods Sea-1+ cells were isolated by immunomagnetic beads and their morphous were observed by contrast phase microscope. The expression of mRNA of albumin(ALB) and meta-thyroprotein were detected by RT-PCR; ALB, AFP, CK8/18 protein were detected by immunohistochemical method, and cell staining for glycogen and urea synthesis function were tested. Results The activity, purity, recovery rate of Sca-1+ cells were (94. 24±1.04) %, (85.57±1.66) %, (62. 31±1.85 ) % respectively. After the induction of HGF and aFGF, Sca1+ cells became anomalism and transformed to heptic cell in morphous,disappeared in expression of AFP protein and upregulated in expression of ALB and CK8/18 protein,upregulated in expression of ALB and transthyroprotein mRNA,cell staining of glycogen and urea synthesis function were strengthened,the cell differentiated to mature hepatic cell. Conclusion Embryo hepatic Sca-1+ cell could differentiate to hepatic cell or hepatic cell precursor under the induction of HGF and aFGF in vitro.

Objective:To differentiate hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among different indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) subtypes. The correlation between indolent B-NHL and hepatitis viral infection was also investi-gated. Methods:A total of 733 indolent B-NHL patients from January 1994 to January 2014 with integrated clinical information were retrospectively investigated. We compared the hepatitis viral infection between the general population and indolent B-NHL patients. We analyzed the infection rate of hepatitis virus in the different indolent B-NHL subtypes and examined their correlations. Results:The HBs-Ag positive rate of the indolent B-NHL was 7.9%, which was not significantly different with that of the general population (7.9%vs. 7.2%, P=0.548). Among the different indolent B-NHL subtypes, the 48 splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) patients exhibited the highest HBs-Ag positive rate, which was significantly higher than those of the general population (18.8%vs. 7.2%, P=0.002), other indo-lent B-NHL subtypes (18.8%vs. 7.2%, P=0.004), and other marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZL) patients (18.8%vs. 7.1%, P=0.005). The HBs-Ag positive rates between other B-NHL subtypes and the general population were not significantly different. The coexpression of HBs-Ag, HBe-Ag, and anti-HBc-Ab exhibited no significant difference among the various B-NHL subtypes. However, the co-expres-sion of HBs-Ag, HBe-Ab, and anti-HBc-Ab was significantly higher in the SMZL group than the other B-NHL subtypes (16.7%vs. 4.7%, P<0.001).The positive rate of the anti-hepatitis C virus antibody (HCV-Ab) was 1.9%in 733 indolent B-NHL patients, which was significant-ly higher than in the general population (1.9%vs. 0.4%, P<0.001). The HCV-Ab positive rates in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lym-phoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstr?m macroglobulinemia, SMZL, hairy cell leukemia, nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma group were 2.2%, 2.5%, 4.2%, 3%, and 3.7%, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those of the general population. Preva-lence rates of HCV in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, unclassified, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associat-ed tissue lymphoma, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, and follicular lymphoma groups were not significantly different compared with the general population. Conclusion:Prevalence rate of HBV was higher in the SMZL group than other indolent B-NHL groups, which suggests that HBV infection may play an etiologic role in SMZL.