OBJECTIVE:To provide reference material for improving the competitive capacity of pharmaceutical enter?prises in China.METHODS:Using the general principle of internationized management theory,the present situation,superiority and inferiority of China's pharmaceutical enterprises in management were analysed,and the strategy of internationized man?agement was put forward.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:China's pharmaceutical enterprises are facing opportunity and chal?lenge,only through rational,large-scaled,concentrated and internationized management can their market competitive power be raised.

Object To establish a process for the preparation of QINGXUE JIANGZHI CAPSULE(Hemocathartic Antilipemia Capsule)  Methods The study was carried out by uniform experimental design guided by the content of total organic acid and polysaccharide in the resulting preparation, to optimize the ratio of solvents used for the extraction, time needed for the decoction and alcoholic concentration for precipitation Results The most favorable preparative conditions were: decocting the drug twice with 10 times of water for 60 min each time, and precipitate the product at a concentration of 50% alcohol Conclusion Products prepared by this process ensured the content of total organic acid with no loss of polysaccharides

Objective To evaluate results and demonstrate problems of Scandinavian total ankle replacement (STAR) in patients with ankle arthritis and clarify its role as a growing alternatives to ankle fusion.Methods Retrospectively analyzed 43 patients who had total ankle replacement from May 1999 to January 2013.All cases were evaluated with interview focusing on pain,daily activities and clinical and radiologic examinations.The average age of patients was 46 (range,35 to 56) years old.Among these cases,9 patients suffered from posttraumatic arthritis,25 osteoarthritis,5 rheumatoid arthritis and 4 avascular necrosis of the talar body.All patients complained about ankle joint pain and swelling as well as limited ROM of joint.Results Mean follow-up was 6.7 (1.5 to 12 years) years.37 cases had complete follow-up.The average preoperative ankle score was 27.0± 10.5,pain degree score was 16.5± 12.8,joint function score was 10.6±7.4,ROM score was 8.2±5.2.The average preoperative ankle score was 86.5±13.2,pain degree score was 49.5±4.5,joint function score was 19.7±9.5,ROM score was 19.2±3.2.The indicatiors compared with preoperative,postoperative differences have statistical significance.The score of postoperative Kofoed were divided into excellent 35 cases,good 1 case and poor 1 case,excellent and good rate was 97.3％.The American orthopaedic foot and ankle society (AOFAS) scoring system was improved from 40.5 preoperatively to 80.6 postoperatively.No postoperative loosening or migrating of the prosthesis was noted.Conclusion It was demonstrated that the standardized and normalized operative techniques as well as operative tools closely matched to the prosthesis could achieve favorable outcomes according to the clinical and radiographic outcomes and overall acceptable cornplication rates in the present study.STAR was a choice for the patients with advanced osteoarthritis,posttraumatic arthritis,rheumatic arthritis and avascular necrosis of the talar body.

Objective To observe effects of auricular-point plaster therapy on children simple obesity.Methods A total of 97 children of simple obesity were treated with auricular-point plaster.Body mass index was measured before and after the treatment.Therapeutic effects and positive changes of auricle were also observed.ResultsBody mass index decreased significantly(P＜0.01)after the treatment as compared to the pre-treatment(t=3.142,P＜0.01).Positive changes of auricle reduced.Auricular-point plaster showed therapeutic effects on obesity in different extents.Conclusion Auricular-point plaster was effective in treating children with simple obesity.

The bFGF plays an important role in embryonic development of tendons and ligaments and in the healing of injuried tendons and ligaments. The eukaryotic expression plasmid of rat basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene was constructed in order to further investigate the bFGF function in molecular regulatory mechanism in the repair of tendons and ligaments and to provide the foundation for the clinical application. The cDNA fragments of bFGF were cloned from the skin of rats by RT-PCR, and recombinated to the pMD18-T vector. The cDNA encoding bFGF was cloned from the pMD18-T vector by RT-PCR, digested with restriction enzyme EcoR I Pst I and bound to eukaryotic expression plasmid pIRES2-EGFP to construct eukaryotic expression plasmid pIRES2-EGFP-bFGF. The pIRES2-EGFP-bFGF was transfected into the tenocytes by lipid-mediated ransfection technique. MTT test was used to detect the biological activity of bFGF in supernatants after the transfection. The expression of type I and III collagen genes was detected by using RT-PCR. It was verified that the pIRES2-EGFP-bFGF was successfully constructed, and its transfection into tenocytes could significantly enhance the biological activity of bFGF, and increase the expression of type I and III collagen mRNA, suggesting that pIRES2-EGFP-mediated bFGF gene therapy was beneficial to the repair of tendons and ligaments.

Objective To translate the English version of Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) into Chinese,and to test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of SAQ. Methods The SAQ was developed into Chinese version through translation, back-translation and cross-culture adaption. The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of SAQ were tested in 823 first-line nurse managers in Henan. Results The scale content validity index was 0.90 of the Chinese SAQ, and the item content validity index ranged from 0.83 to 0.96. The correlations between the items and the full scale, the dimensions and the full scale separately ranged from 0.32 to 0.64 and 0.50 to 0.81 (P<0.01). The confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a good model fit for the six dimensions and the full construct, the goodness-of-fit index was 0.96, Tucker-Lewis index was 0.93, comparative fit index was 0.95, and root mean square error of approximation was 0.06. The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.913 and for the six dimensions were 0.565, 0.655, 0.825, 0.804, 0.880, 0.725 separately, the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.934. Conclusions The Chinese version of SAQ is a valid and reliable tool to assess the safety culture of first-line nurse managers in Chinese hospitals.

Objective To assess the level of radiation exposures of operators in three typical types of interventional fluoroscopic procedures.Methods Alderson Radiation Therapy (ART) phantom was used to stimulate the practices of diagnosis and therapy using TLDs for dose measurement.The radiation exposures of eye lens, neck, and breast were measured when the lead shielding of machine was on/off and the equivalent dose and effective dose to the eye lens were estimated.Results Radiation exposure of head was obviously reduced by 85% -90% when the lead shielding was on.The doses in different procedures were different.In cerebral angiography the dose equivalent of eye len was the highest in the three procedures.The annual effective dose for the operators was smaller in peripheral vascular interventions than that in cardiovascular interventional therapy and that in cerebral angiography.Conclusions The operators involved in intervention will receive an annual effective dose of less than 20 mSv as recommended by the ICRP under the protection conditions provided by the current study, except for eye lens.Attention should be paid to the protection of the eyes of operators.

By preventing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adhering to precoated agarose to create a model of MSC suspension in vitro, we investigated anoikis in MSCs and the role of caspase-3 in the anoikis. The cultured MSCs were randomly divided into 3 groups: the anoikis group, caspase-3 inhibitor group and control group. Before experiment, we coated dishes with 1.5 % agarose; in the anoikis group, MSCs were put into the precoated dishes; and in the inhibitor group, caspase-3 inhibitor and MSCs were also put into the precoated dishes; but there were not intervention in the control group. MSCs were collected at 2 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. The alteration of caspase-3 activity was evaluated by caspase-3 fluorometric assay and western blot analysis. The apoptosis rates were detected by flow cytometry. MSCs were round and suspended sufficiently in the anoikis and inhibitor groups. Caspase-3 fluorometric assay showed that there were significant differences in statistics between the anoikis group and the others (P<0.05). Western blot analysis discovered that caspase-3 expression in the anoikis group was more than that in the control and inhibitor groups (P<0.05). Flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis peak appeared in all the three groups, but it increased dramatically in the anoikis group. The apoptosis rates in the inhibitor and control groups were low and stable. And there were significant differences in statistics between the anoikis group and the others (P<0.05). MSCs will undergo anoikis in suspended condition if they are separated from the extracellular matrix. Caspase-3 inhibitors can suppress caspase-3 activity and reduce the apoptosis rate significantly. Caspase-3 plays a vital part in induced MSC anoikis in vitro. MSCs suspension culture system might be set up with argorose and caspase-3 inhibitor.

In order to provide anatomical basis for transoral approach (TOA) in dealing with the ventro lesions of craniocervical junction, and the design and application of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint, microsurgical dissecting was performed on 8 fresh craniocervical specimens layer by layer through transoropharyngeal approach. The stratification of posterior pharyngeal wall, course of vertebral artery, adjacent relationship of atlas and axis and correlative anatomical parameters of replacement of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint were observed. Besides, 32 sets of atlanto-axial joint in adults' fresh bony specimens were measured with a digital caliper and a goniometer, including the width of bony window of anterior arch of atlas, the width of bony window of axis vertebra, the distance between superior and inferior two atlas screw inserting points, the distance between two axis screw inserting points etc. It was found that the width of atlas and axis which could be exposed were 40.2+/-3.5 mm and 39.3+/-3.7 mm respectively. The width and height of posterior pharyngeal wall which could be exposed were 40.1+/-5.2 mm and 50.2+/-4.6 mm respectively. The distance between superior and inferior two atlas screw inserting points was 28.0+/-2.9 mm and 24.0+/-3.5 mm respectively, and the distance of bilateral axis screw inserting points was 18.0+/-1.2 mm. The operative exposure position through TOA ranged from inferior part of the clivus to the superior part of the C3 vertebral body. Posterior pharyngeal wall consisted of 5 layers and two interspaces: mucosa, submucosa, superficial muscular layer, anterior fascia of vertebrae, anterior muscular layer of vertebrae and posterior interspace of pharynx, anterior interspace of vertebrae. This study revealed that it had the advantages of short operative distance, good exposure and sufficient decompression in dealing with the ventro lesions from the upper cervical to the lower clivus through the TOA. The replacement of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint is suitable and feasible. The design of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint should be based on the above data.
Atlanto-Axial Joint/*anatomy & histology ; Atlanto-Axial Joint/*surgery ; Bone Plates ; Bone Screws ; Cadaver ; Cervical Vertebrae/*anatomy & histology ; Cervical Vertebrae/surgery ; Equipment Design ; Internal Fixators ; Joint Prosthesis ; Models, Anatomic ; Odontoid Process/*surgery ; Prosthesis Design

OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC method for the determination of the contents of the related substances in metoclopramide.METHODS: The sample was separated on C18 column with the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.02 mol?L-1 phosphonic acid solution(19∶81) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL?min-1.The detection wavelength was set at 275 nm;the column temperature was kept under room temperature and the injected volume was 20 ?L.The contents of the related substances in metoclopramide were computed by self-control method of main constituent.RESULTS: Under the above described chromatographic conditions,metoclopramide was completely separated from its impurities.A good linearity between impurities' peak area and metoclopramide(contrast solution) concentration was achieved when the concentrations of impurities were over the range of 0.05%～4.0%.The lowest detectable limit of metoclopramide was 0.3 ng,and the contents of the related substances were all less than 0.26%.CONCLUSION: The method is convenient,accurate,sensitive and,specific,and it can be used for the determination of the related substances in metoclopramide.