This study conducted questionnaire survey to graduate medical students in Medicine (M.D.) and Stomatological Medicine (S.M.D) enrolled at Peking University Health Science Center in the year 2013,analyzed on the understanding,period,forms,mentoring and effect of research training.Suggestions are proposed to strengthen the research training,for example,focusing on clinical training as well as research training,aiming at clinical issues,emphasize of clinical scientific research,permeating the concept oftransformation medicine,promotion of intense full-time research,strengthen the mentoring of professors.

Objective To gain a better knowledge of the education for masters in clinical medicine (general practice) and provide a reference for the better exploration of the training mode of GP students.Methods 9 colleges and universities enrolling students for this program were selected with stratified sampling.A questionnaire was conducted in terms of admission,curriculum setting,clinical training,guidance and evaluation through officials in charge of graduate affairs from February to July in 2014.Descriptive analysis was performed to the investigation results,using SPSS 20.0 statistical software.Results A full-time undergraduate degree in clinical medicine was explicitly required in 88.9％ (8/9) of colleges and universities.The average total credits of the course were 23.7 and the average clinical training duration was 32.4 months.Tutor group was adopted in all colleges and universities.The assessment and evaluation of the GP masters was mainly composed of multiple forms of process assessment and final evaluation.Conclusion We suggest attaching more importance to the improvements of enrollment policy,curriculum system,clinical training,standardized training base construction,teaching staff,and evaluation system in order to explore GP training mode in accord with the law of general practice and suitable for China's national conditions.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Sodium hyaluronate is an effective treatment for osteoarthritis, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. There is evidence that abnormal expressions of matrix metaloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3 and -9 and tissue inhibitor of metaloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2 show great effects on osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate on expressions of MMPs-1, 3, 9 and tissue inhibitor of TIMPs-1, 2 in the rabbit cartilage after osteoarthritis. METHODS: Twenty-four mature New Zealand white rabbits were divided into normal control, model, and sodium hyaluronate groups. The model and sodium hyaluronate groups underwent unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection, and rabbits in the sodium hyaluronate group received 0.3 mL of 1% sodium hyaluronate via intra-articular injection at 4 weeks after modeling, once a week for 5 weeks. At 11 weeks folowing surgery, the rabbits were kiled and the cartilage was harvested to extract total RNA. mRNA expressions of MMPs-1, 3, 9 and TIMPs-1, 2 in the cartilage were analyzed using real-time PCR for each group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the model group, the range and extent of cartilage damage was reduced in the sodium hyaluronate group (P < 0.01), and Mankin scores were noticeably decreased (P < 0.05). In the cartilage, mRNA expressions of MMPs-1, 3, 9 were enhanced and mRNA expressions of TIMPs-1, 2 were down-regulated in the model group. However, the mRNA expression levels of MMPs-1, 3, 9 and TIMPs-1, 2 in the articular cartilage were not obviously changed in the sodium hyaluronate group. These results suggest that MMPs-1, 3, 9 and TIMPs-1, 2 are involved in the progression of osteoarthritis and the therapeutic mechanism of sodium hyaluronate is not realized through the down-regulation of their expressions during development of osteoarthritis. Sodium hyaluronate for treatment of osteoarthritis is a complex process and the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

Depression is the most common mental disorder in epilepsy, which means that they maybe have some common pathogene-sis. This paper discussed the biological relation mechanism, such as neurotransmitter, neuropeptide and its receptor, glial cell, immune-medi-ators, nerve signal transduction pathway, synaptic plasticity and nerve regeneration.

Objective To study the influence of spinal instability after lamina decompression in symptoms and progno?sis. Methods The 76 patients were followed up for a minimum of 4 more years. The patients were divided into instability group (n=27) and non-instability (n=49) group according to the X-ray result of the final follow-up. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, JOA score and improvement rate were compared between two groups at preoperation, 3-month after operation and the final follow-up. Results There were no significant differences in gender, age and mean follow-up time between two groups. There were no significant differences in VAS and JOA scores before surgery, 3-month after surgery and final follow-up between two groups. Postoperative VAS score decreased and JOA score increased with the increase in follow-up time (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in improvement rate [(80.0±8.8)%vs (83.6±11.7)%] and improvement ratio [81.48%(22/27) vs 61.22%(30/49)] between two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Although some patients show instability even with lumbar spondylolisthesis after lamina decompression on radiograph,which is no correlation with improvement of symptoms. With appropriate indications, lamina decompression is a simple and effective surgical method,which also retains the spinal movement function.

There are problems in traditional medical education in China. It is important to cultivate medical talents who are adaptable to social changes and medical advancement. However, the scientific quality and innovative medical students have long been neglected. This paper discussed the essence of scientific quality and innovative talents, and introduced the experience of the program of "long term clinical medicine education" at Peking University Health Science Center. We here delineateded the key points of the scientific quality and innovation education that may provide new ideas for the training of the medical talents.

BACKGROUND:Articular cartilage repair has been a difficulty in the clinical setting, which is mainly treated with autologous or al ogeneic osteochondral grafts, and cartilage periosteum or periosteum grafts. However, the limited source, secondary lesion and immunological rejection force some researchers to search for a novel treatment strategy, cartilage tissue engineering, that is of great significance for cartilage regeneration and repair. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the tissue-engineered scaffolds for the repair of articular cartilage defects. METHODS:The first author searched the PubMed and WanFang databases for the articles addressing tissue-engineered cartilage for articular cartilage defects published between 1991 and 2015 using the keywords“articular cartilage defect, scaffold, tissue engineered cartilage”in English and Chinese, respectively. The irrelative and repetitive literatures were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Final y 48 eligible literatures were enrol ed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cartilage tissue engineering possesses the advantages of control ability, little damage to tissue itself, and biological repair of injured cartilage. Tissue-engineered scaffold material is a critical factor in tissue engineering construction;therefore, it should hold biodegradability and histocompatibility. The commonly used scaffold materials include natural macromolecule materials (col agen, silk fibroin and chitosan), and synthetic polymer materials (polylactic acid and tricalcium phosphate). It is necessary to prepare composite scaffolds with high bioactivity integrate advantages of each material. The tissue engineering is bound to be a hotspot in the field of articular cartilage repair.

Objective To gain a better knowledge of the changes of education funds investment for postgraduates of professional master's degree of clinical medicine before and after reform of the investment mechanism of graduate education. Methods 16 universities in which pilot reform of connection between postgraduate education and standardized training for residents were established were selected. A survey was conducted in terms of education funds investment, cost and living treatment during the period of clinical training. It also included the situation of standardized medical residency training. Descriptive analysis and t-test were performed to investigation results, using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Results The average education funds were (17 100 ±11 100) yuan per person and (20 700 ±11 800) yuan per person, living treatments were (11 600±8 700) yuan per person per year and (10 200±8 700) yuan per person per year, tuition fees were (7 700±3 600) yuan per person per year and (8 800±2 100) yuan per person per year, tuition fees paid by students were (3 600±3 900) yuan per person per year and (7 700±3 400) yuan per person per year respectively before and after reform. Differences of average education funds, living treat-ments and tuition fees were not significant, while the difference between tuition fees paid by students were significant. After the re-form, students pay more tuition fees than before. Funds investment and living treat-ment of residents were significantly higher than that of graduate students. Conclusion Differences of edu-cation funds investment for professional master's degree of clinical medicine are great. And the training funds are difficult to fully meet the requirements of the culture. The life treatment is difficult to achieve equal pay to residents. We suggest perfecting the medical colleges financing mechanism and management, unifying and improving all kinds of medical college student funding standards, and setting up special funds to improve the postgraduate life treatment.

BACKGROUND:In recent years, repair of articular cartilage injury has become an important field in basic medical research. Because injured articular cartilage is difficult to repair, the repair of articular cartilage injury has become a difficult hotspot.

BACKGROUND:Mesenchymal stem cels, underin vivo orin vitro specific induction conditions, can differentiate into the cartilage, muscle, tendons and so on. Clinical trials concerning mesenchymal stem cels mainly include tissue repair (such as bone, cartilage and joint repair) and treatment of heart, liver, spinal cord injury and nervous system diseases.
OBJECTIVE:To compare the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cels from different sources.
METHODS: PubMed and CNKI databases were retrieved for articles related to sources of mesenchymal stem cels and biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cels published from 1987 to 2015. The retrieved articles were summarized and analyzed in the folowing aspects: cel surface marker, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and function, so as to explore the merits and demerits of mesenchymal stem cels from different sources.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A difference in the proliferation ability and surface markers is found between different sources of mesenchymal stem cels. Immunological competence of mesenchymal stem cels from different sources may be correlated with their activation status, species differences, tissue sources and culture conditions, resulting the immunological competence of mesenchymal stem cels from different sources is not exact the same. In-depth understanding of the factors and mechanisms by which influence the migration of mesenchymal stem cels from different sources can enhance the migration ability of different sources of mesenchymal stem cels, and increase their efficiency in wound healing, tissue repair and regeneration treatment.