Objective To explore the nutritional status and determinants among rural stranded children under 7 years of age. Methods The group of stranded children (n=7585) and the children for control (n=7557) were identified by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. The ascertainment methods mainly included questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and laboratory examination. Results In this study, there were three groups, including the group of stranded children whose single parent left home to look for better job somewhere, the group of stranded children whose parent both left home and the third group serving as control. Prevalent rates on the following items were: stunting -- 14.9%, 17.9% and 16.3%, underweight -- 7.2%, 8.3% and 7.6%, wasting -- 3.1%, 3.4% and 3.3% and anemia -- 18.9%, 20.6%, 18.7% respectively. The prevalent rate of stunting in the group of children with both parents away from home was significantly higher than that those with only one parent did. The prevalence rate of anemia in the group with both parents away from home was significantly higher than that in the control group. Based on multivariate non-conditional logistic regression analysis, the determinants of stunting among the stranded children were: age, with low birth weight, living alone, being the only child in the family, mother's education level, frequency of eating breakfast and snacks every week, motives of caretakers and the relationship between children and the caretakers. The determinants of underweight among those stranded children were: age of child, with low birth weight, the frequency of eating snacks every week, motives of the caretakers and having rickets. Conclusion The nutritional status among rural stranded children was relatively poor, especially in those whose parents were both away from home, which calls for urgent improvement.

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is an innovative technique in targeted protein degradation. PROTACs is a heterobifunctional molecule which can bind to the E3 ligase and target protein to form a ubiquitination complex, resulting in the ubiquitin-proteasome system dependent degradation of target protein. PROTACs has been regarded as the promising method in drug discovery campaign, for its high commonality, potent degradation activity and unique selectivity profile. However, the catalytic mechanism also induces the uncontrollable protein degradation risk. Controllable PROTACs contain the responsive element in the molecular entity. In certain conditions, the element can be triggered to activate or terminate the degradation event. In this review, we will briefly summarize the strategies in controllable PROTACs and describe the representative examples according to the responsive mechanism. We hope this review could provide some insight into the further development of controllable PROTACs.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) which were partial metabolites of oxygen are highly reactive. Different concentrations of ROS have different effects on tumor development. Tumor cells have a high level of reactive oxygen species. The antioxidant system of tumor is in highly activated state, and thus modulation of reactive oxygen species levels could be an effective strategy to target cancer cells. Treatment with small molecules that disrupt the redox balance can kill tumor cells first. This paper outlines the main ideas of developing anti-tumor drugs based on reactive oxygen species regulation, and summarizes the representative drugs and research progress according to the mechanism of action, in an effort to suggest potential reference and ideas for developing anti-tumor drugs based on reactive oxygen species regulation.

Nrf2 is a multi-effect transcription factor, which plays a crucial role in cytoprotective system. With the deepening of research on new regulatory modes and biologic functions of Nrf2, the oncogenic role of Nrf2 in malignant transformed tumors is increasingly obvious. More and more evidences show that Nrf2 is involved in the whole process of tumor occurrence, development, metastasis and prognosis, and inhibiting Nrf2 may be a promising strategy in tumor therapy. However, the development of Nrf2 inhibitors is still in early stage. In this paper, the biological function of Nrf2 and its dual role in tumor are briefly introduced, and representative Nrf2 inhibitors are reviewed according to their structure types, so as to provide reference and ideas for the development of anti-tumor drugs centering on the regulation of Nrf2.

The alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several diseases including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), C3 glomerular disease (C3G) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Complement factor B (CFB) is a trypsin-like serine protein that circulates in the human bloodstream in a latent form. As a key node of the alternative pathway, it is an important target for the treatment of diseases mediated by the complement system. With the successful launch of iptacopan, the CFB small molecule inhibitors has become a current research hotspot, a number of domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies are actively developing CFB small molecule inhibitors. In this paper, the research progress of CFB small molecule inhibitors in recent years is systematically summarized, the representative compounds and their activities are introduced according to structural types and design ideas, so as to provide reference and ideas for the subsequent research on CFB small molecule inhibitors.

The deubiquitinases (DUBs), as the crucial peptidohydrolases in the ubiquitin system, can reverse and strictly regulate ubiquitination and play key roles in various biological processes, including the regulation of protein stability, cell signal transduction. Ubiquitin-specific protease 28 (USP28) involves multiple cancer-related signaling pathways by enhancing the stability of various cancer-related proteins, and is closely associated with the progression of colorectal, breast cancer, lung carcinomas, and pancreatic cancer. USP28 has been considered as a promising drug target in anticancer therapy, and the development of USP28 inhibitors has made some progress. In this article, we review the structure of USP28 and its interaction with substrates, discuss the research progress of USP28 in cancers and summarize the development of USP28 inhibitors.

Objective To investigate the morbidity and characteristics of adult osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in Chengdu, and to further explore its related risk factors.Methods Self-designed questionnaires were used to collect data by the way of household or field survey. From January,2016 to February, 2018, a total of 544 cases (797 hips) diagnosed as ONFH were included in the study. The medical data including general condition, risk factors, diagnosis, disease stages and treatment were collected. Based on the data, the risk factors were analyzed statistically.Results The average age of 544 patients (392 males and 152 females) was 55 years old (range: 19 to 90 years); the bilateral incidence was 46.51% (253 cases). The proportion of Association Research Circulation Osseous stages was accounted respectively 3.64% for stage I, 6.15% for stage II, 8.41% for stage III and 81.81% for stage IV when confirmed ONFH initially. In all the reasons of ONFH, 52.39% were alcohol-associated osteonecrosis, 16.18% for steroid-induced osteonecrosis, 11.58% for traumatic osteonecrosis, 5.88% for dysplastic osteonecrosis, and 13.97% for other reasons.Conclusion The incidence of ONFH was higher in men than in women. Stages III-IV accounted for the highest proportion. The high intake of alcohol or overuse of steroid was the leading causes of adult ONFH, among which alcohol-associated osteonecrosis was the main for the males and steroid-induced osteonecrosis for the females.