Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an unique subtype of histone deacetylases with two tandem deacetylase domains and substrate specificity for non-histone proteins. It is involved in many important physiological and pathological processes and has become a promising therapeutic target in recent decades. Different kinds of potent HDAC6-selective inhibitors have been reported around the world. This paper reviews the progress in the study of structure and functions of HDAC6 as well as the development of HDAC6-selective inhibitors.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Histone Deacetylases ; chemistry ; Humans ; Substrate Specificity

The Health Anti-poverty Project is a main and effective method for raising the health level of poor areas people and realizing the Healthy China.It is important to construct and improve the health service system of poverty-stricken area by means of strengthening construction of standardized medical and health institutions,public health service network,telemedicine service system,and Chinese medicine service ability,aiming at forming the health service system which is compatible with the local economic development and health needs.The system can ensure the health of people in poverty-stricken areas,and implement the Health for All in China.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) on the ovariangranulosa cell apoptosis-related proteins, Bcl-2 and Bax, as well as the oocyte quality in theolder women with kidney deficiency receiving in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET).MethodSixty-six older women with kidney deficiency who were receiving IVF-ET because of the fallopian tube factor were randomized into a treatment group (intervened by TAES) and a control group (intervened by sham acupuncture), 33 in each group. The kidney-deficiency syndrome score, HCG E2/follicle count per day, excellent follicle rate, excellent embryo rate, and clinical pregnancy rate were observed and compared between the two groups; Western blot was used to detect the expression of protein Bcl-2 and Bax.ResultCompared to the control group, the treatment group had significant improvement in kidney-deficiencysymptoms (P<0.01), significant increases in theHCG E2/follicle count per day, excellent follicle rate, and excellent embryo rate (P<0.05), enhanced expression of Bcl-2 protein (P<0.01), and decreased expression of Bax protein (P<0.01); while there were no significant differences in comparing theretrievedoocyte number and clinical pregnancy rate (P>0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were markedlycorrelatedwith IVF-related indexes (P<0.05).ConclusionTAES can improve the kidney-deficiency symptoms and the quality of oocyte and embryo inolder women; this action is possibly related to the regulation of expression of the cell apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 and Bax, as well as the decrease ofgranulosecell apoptosis.

Objective To explore the effect of combined application of improved microencapsulation and intravenous injection of donor liver cells and spleen cells on pancreatic islet xenografts. Methods New born male pigs and SD rats were selected as donors and recipients respectively, and pig pancreatic islet cells were microencapsulated by static electricity improvement microencapsulation. Islet transplantation was performed after injection of donor liver cells and spleen cells via tail vein. The changes in blood glucose and serum C-peptide, the function-possessed days of islet xenografts and diabetes rats living period were observed. Results In combined application group, the function-possessed days of islet xenografts and diabetes rats living period were significantly prolonged (P

Actins ; metabolism ; Angiotensins ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Breast Neoplasms ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cell Proliferation ; Female ; Fibroblasts ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiology ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Prognosis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the types of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in dentin bonding interface degradation.

METHODSDentin slices were prepared and treated with two adhesive systems (Single Bond 2 or Clearfil S3 Bond). The dentin surface was bonded with composite resin. All specimens were immersed in sterile artificial saliva for 0 or 6 months, and their micro-shear bond strength (muSBS) were measured. The fracture modes were observed through field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Dentin slices with 4 mm x 3 mm x 1 mm dimensions were prepared. The slices were divided into three groups according to the treatment modes (negative control, Single Bond 2, and Clearfil S3 Bond). All specimens were stored in sterile artificial saliva for 0 or 6 months. The concentrations of MMP-1, -2, -3, -8, and -9 of each group were detected through fluorescent microsphere immunoassay.

RESULTSThe muSBS of both adhesive systems significantly decreased after storage aging. Significant differences in failure modes within the four groups tested in this study were observed. Compared with the negative control, the concentrations of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in different adhesive groups showed no significant difference after storage aging. However, the concentrations of MMP-2, -8, and -9 in Single Bond 2 group and the concentrations of MMP-8 and -9 in Clearfil S3 Bond group significantly decreased after 6 months of storage aging.

CONCLUSIONSignificant degradation occur in the dentin bonding interface of both adhesive groups under 6 months aging challenge. The concentrations ofdentinal MMP-2, -8, and -9 significantly decrease after treatment with adhesives and aging, indicating that these MMPs have an important function in dentin bonding interface degradation.

Breast cancer,with a high incidence rate,is one of the malignant cancers that threatens women health.Clinically,methods such as image examinations,needle aspiration cytology and pathology are used in its early diagnosis and treatment.However,the genetic heterogeneity of breast cancer has made patients in the same pathological stage respond differently to clinical treatment.So it ia important to formulate a molecular and genetictyping method which can accurately reflect the clinical types and prognoses of breast cancer.This paper reviews the research on gene chips applied to molecular and genetic typing methods of breast cancer and also discusses their applications in individualized treatment.typing method which can accurately reflect the clinical types and prognoses of breast cancer.This paper reviews the research on gene chips applied to molecular and genetic typing methods of breast cancer and also discusses their applications in individualized treatment.

Central serous chorioretinopathy( CSC) is an important cause for central vision loss. It mostly occurs in young and middle-aged men. It is a condition characterized by a serous detachment of neurosensory retina at the posterior pole and leakage from the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) . Most patients with acute CSC will resolve spontaneously. However, in cases of chronic CSC with persistent serous retinal detachment, patients might develop progressive vision loss. This article was made a brief review of the current treatment methods, including laser, photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) , intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy and the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.

For a long time, limited by the factors such as laparoscopic technology, and limited medical resources , the residents accepting standardized training are lack of mastery of the technology . Meanwhile, it is the key to the training of personnel training and reserve in the field for residents to contact the laparoscope as soon as possible and carry out scientific and effective training. Therefore, based on the traditional method, we have developed a new type of laparoscopic teaching system for the standardized training residents and increased and integrated the LAP GAME R operations training system and the real-time multimedia teaching platform. The preliminary practice effect is good.

Objective To explore the correlations between renal artery resistance index (RRI) and renal function in patients with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) so as to provide the clinical basis for predictable diagnosis and treatment in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI).Methods Patients diagnosed with thrombotic microangiopathy admitted to department of emergency of Peking Union Medical College Hospital between August 1st,2014 and March 31th,2015 were enrolled.Intrarenal arteries resistive index of right kidney was detected in all cases on admission by color Doppler flow image.The serum creatinine (SCR) and glomerular fihration rate (GFR) were measured at the same time.According to the diagnostic criteria of the guideline of Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes 2012 (KDIGO-AKI 2012),patients were divided into non-AKI group and AKI group.The intergroup difference was compared and the correlation between RRI and SCR as well as between RRI and GFR were assessed.RRI,SCR and GFR were measured again at the most severe stage of kidney injury.The above index were marked as RRI*,SCR and GFRmin.At the same time,△RRI (RRI*-RRI),△SCR (SCRmax-SCR) and △GFR (GFR-GFRmin) were calculated.According to the stage classification of KDIGO-AKI 2012,36 patients diagnosed with AKI during their hospitalization were divided into KDIGO-1 group (n =10),KDIGO-2 group (n =10) or KDIGO-3 group (n =16).The intergroup difference of RRI* was compared and the correlation between △RRI and △SCR as well as between △RRI and △GFR were assessed.Results When RRI ＞ 0.7 was used as the diagnostic threshold for AKI,the sensitivity was 92.3％ and the specificity was 80.1％.RRI was positively correlated with SCR (r1 =-0.728,P＜0.01;r2=-0.709,P＜0.01) and negatively correlated with GFR (r1 =-0.728,P＜0.01;r2 =-0.709,P ＜0.01) in all patients at the time of admission and the most severe stage of kidney injury.While there was a significant difference in the RRI* among KDIGO-1,KDIGO-2 and KDIGO-3 groups (F =37.979,P =0.Q01),and there was no significant difference in △RRI (F =0.634,P =0.537).The △RRI was not correlated with △GFR or △SCR.Conclusions RRI can be used as a marker for diagnosis of AKI and the evaluation of renal function in patients with TMA,but it is not helpful to reflect the trends of renal injury especially for the critically ill patients.