Long tracheal lesions are mainly caused by stenosis, infection, trauma, malignant tumors and other factors. Resection of the diseased tissue or stenosis and end-to-end anastomosis is currently the gold standard for long tracheal lesions treatment. However, these treatment programs have proven to have major limitations. In recent years, tissue engineering technology has been regarded as a promising medical alternative treatment method, and the selection of scaffold materials is one of key parts. With the continuous exploration of domestic and foreign researchers, biological materials have been continuously developed and applied to the research of tissue engineering trachea. Tissue engineering degradable scaffold materials can be divided into natural polymer material scaffolds and synthetic polymer scaffolds according to the different sources. The scaffold material can be modified or compounded as needed to improve the biological properties of scaffolds. In addition, with the continuous development of biological printing technology, different scaffold materials can be better combined and used. Biodegradable scaffolds have become a new research direction in the field of tissue engineering trachea due to their polymer properties, and have good application prospects.

Condition optimization for immobilization of Fungal laccase with Nylon Net and glutaraldehyde and the nature of the immobilized enzyme were studied. The optimum conditions of the immobilization are: Nylon Net is crosslinked with 5% glutaraldehyde 15mL for 6 hours; the 30U laccase is added for immobilization for 8 hours. On this case, the recovery of enzyme activity was 50.3%. Compared with free enzyme, the thermal stability of immobilized enzyme was improved evidently but the optimal pH decreased slightly. 52% enzyme activity of immobilized laccase was hold after 8 cycles treatment with low concentration pulp wastewater.

We put forward an image rendering system based on pipeline framework for processing and displaying medical images. Compared to original computer graphics algorithms divided into volume rendering and surface rendering, this framework can effectively comprehend methods of computer graphics and image processing, import some new concepts such as vertex buffer, pixel buffer and texture buffer. We implement Shaded Surface Display, Maximum Intensity Projection, Digitally Reconstructed Radiography, Multi planar Reformation, Curved Planar Reformation and Interactive Virtual Endoscopy in our new developed PACS image system.
Algorithms ; Computer Systems ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Medical Records Systems, Computerized ; Radiology Information Systems ; Software

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism and efficacy of tetramethylpyrazine-eluting stents (TES) on inhibiting neointima formation in porcine coronary arteries.

METHODSTES was prepared by tetramethylpyrazine spray-coated in bare metal stents (BMS). Pigs were implanted with TES or BMS (n = 7 each), respectively. Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) were performed before, immediately after stenting and at 28 days after stenting. Coronary arteries segments (5 cm) before and post stenting area (5 cm) as well as at stenting location were harvested at 28 days post stenting for histopathological examinations (inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and apoptosis).

RESULTSFollow up QCA at 28 days showed that percentage diameter stenosis were significantly lower in the TES group than that in the BMS group [(10.0 +/- 2.1)% vs (60.2 +/- 23.5)%, P = 0.01]. The lumen area determined by IVUS was similar between the two groups and there was no in-stent thrombosis in TES or BMS treated animals. Internal elastic lamina area was significantly larger while the neointimal area [(1.51 +/- 0.45) mm(2) vs (4.60 +/- 1.39) mm(2), P = 0.04] was significantly smaller in the TES group than that in the BMS group. Histopathological assessments showed fewer inflammatory cells in the stented-coronary artery walls than those at the border zones of stenting in both groups. The number of proliferating cells were significantly decreased while apoptotic cells were significantly increased in the TES group compared with the BMS group (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONTES could effectively reduce in-stent restenosis in this porcine model by attenuating vascular smooth muscle proliferation and enhancing vascular smooth muscle apoptosis post stenting.

Animals ; Coronary Restenosis ; prevention & control ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Double-Blind Method ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Pyrazines ; administration & dosage ; Swine ; Tunica Intima ; drug effects ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo analyze the characteristics of injuries between two types of Emergency Department (ED) in China.

METHODSWe selected 25 hospital EDs in the whole country as spots for investigation, and designed one special questionnaire to collect information, from 1st July, 2001 to 30th June, 2002.

RESULTSIn city hospitals (CIH), the proportion of injury to all diseases were 19.65%, and in country hospital (COH) it was 29.88%. The fatality rate of injuries was 1.29% in COH, which was higher than that of CIH's (P < 0.001). In COH, ambulance was more frequently used to treat injury patients than in CIH, but the average rescue time was not different. In cities, machinery was the leading cause (about 32.88%), but in country it was due to transpert (35.34%). Traffic accidents, suicide/homicide and unintentional drowning were the main causes of death. In CIH, the number of unintentional poisoning was almost twice as intentional, but in COH the patients due to poisoning suicide act were more than unintentional poisoning, with 2/3 of the poisoning causes were women. Patients due to chemical, drug and food poisoning accounted for 86.13% in CIH, while in COH the main causes were pesticidal, chemical and druggery (89.80%). In all poisons, pesticide was the leading cause for death.

CONCLUSIONIt's suggested that patients with injury be treated timely since the acute injury patients accounted for important part of ED's patients. The differences between CIH and COH were obvious, with better ability of treatment in CIH than in COH. More relevant measures were needed to improve the ability of acute treatment for injuries.

China ; epidemiology ; Emergency Medical Services ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Poisoning ; epidemiology ; etiology ; mortality ; Sex Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Survival Rate ; Wounds and Injuries ; epidemiology ; etiology ; mortality

The continuous cultivation of Rehmannia glutinosa causes the accumulation of phenolic acids in soil. It is supposed to be the reason of the so called "continuously cropping obstacle". In this study, phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, eugenol, vanillin and ferulic acid) were degraded by the extracta of all the tested spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and the maximal degradation rate was 75.3%, contributed by extraction of SMS of Pleurotus eryngii. Pot experiment indicated that hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillin in soil were also degraded effectively by SMS of P. eryngii. The employment of SMS enhanced ecophysiology index to near the normal levels, such as crown width, leaves number, leaf length, leaf width and height. At the same time, the fresh and dry weight and total catalpol concentration of tuberous root weight of R. glutinosa was increased to 2.70, 3.66, 2.25 times by employment of SMS, respectively. The increase of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes numbers in rhizosphere soil were observed after the employment of SMS by microbial counts. The employment of SMS also enhanced the enzyme activity in soils, such as sucrase, cellulase, phosphalase, urease and catelase. These results indicated that the employment of SMS alleviated the continuously cropping obstacle of R. glutinosa in some extent.
Agaricales ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Agriculture ; methods ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Hydroxybenzoates ; analysis ; metabolism ; Rehmannia ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Soil ; chemistry ; Soil Microbiology

To study the drug-drug interaction of morinidazole and warfarin and its application, a sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of R-warfarin/S-warfarin in human plasma. In a random, two-period crossover study, 12 healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 5 mg racemic warfarin in the absence and presence of morinidazole. Blood samples were collected according to a pre-designed time schedule. R-warfarin, S-warfarin and methyclothiazide were extracted with ethylether : methylenechloride (3 : 2), then separated on a Astec Chirobiotic V (150 mm x 4.6 mm ID, 5 microm) column using 5 mmol x L(-1) ammonium acetate (pH 4.0) - acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.5 mL x min(-1). The mobile phase was splitted and 0.5 mL x min(-1) was introduced into MS. A tandem mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source was used as detector and operated in the negative ion mode. Quantification was performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The resolution of warfarin enantiomers is 1.56. The linear calibration curves for R-warfarin and S-warfarin both were obtained in the concentration range of 5 - 1 000 ng x mL(-1). Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) for R-warfarin and S-warfarin over the entire concentration range across three validation runs was both less than 10%, and relative error (RE) ranged from -4.9% to 0.7%, separately. The method herein described is effective and convenient, and suitable for the study of metabolic interaction between morinidazole and warfarin. The results showed that coadministration of warfarin with morinidazole did not affect the pharmacokinetics of either R-warfarin or S-warfarin.
Anticoagulants ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Drug Interactions ; Humans ; Nitroimidazoles ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Stereoisomerism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Warfarin ; blood ; pharmacokinetics

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism of male reproductive toxicity induced by acrylonitrile (ACN).

METHODSMale Sprague-Dawley rats were daily administrated ACN by intraperitoneal injection 5 times a week for 13 weeks at the dose of 0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were sacrificed and testes were removed at the end of 4, 8, 13 or 15 weeks, respectively. The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the levels of glutathione (GSH) and malonaldehyde (MDA) were detected in testes.

RESULTSFollowing ACN treatment of 4 weeks, the levels of GSH in ACN 15.0 mg/kg and 30.0 mg/kg group were (7.44 +/- 0.77) mg/g pro and (6.95 +/- 0.77) mg/g pro respectively, and the activity of GSH-Px was (70.89 +/- 4.01) U/mg pro in 30.0 mg/kg group, all of which were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). After 8 weeks, the levels of GSH decreased to (2.50 +/- 0.94) mg/g pro in ACN 30.0 mg/kg group (P < 0.01); the activities of SOD increased to (102.08 +/- 16.08) NU/mg pro and (113.30 +/- 17.20) NU/mg pro in ACN 15.0 mg/kg and 30.0 mg/kg group (P < 0.01). After 13 weeks, the levels of GSH declined in ACN 15.0 mg/kg and 30.0 mg/kg group, and the activities of GST decreased in ACN 30.0 mg/kg group, and of GSH-Px decreased in both doses group. However, the level of MDA [(0.68 +/- 0.16) nmol/mg pro] were significantly higher in 30.0 mg/kg group than that in control group [(0.38 +/- 0.12) nmol/mg pro] (P < 0.01). 2 weeks after stopping ACN treatment, the level of GSH restored to normal but the levels of MDA or the activity of GSH-Px in 30.0 mg/kg group were still higher or lower respectively than those of control (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONACN may impair the balance of antioxidant system, thus induce lipid peroxidation damage to rat testes.

Acrylonitrile ; toxicity ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Glutathione ; metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Glutathione Transferase ; metabolism ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Testis ; drug effects ; metabolism

Objective To analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristic of rubella virus strains isolated in Zhejiang province from 2005 to 2010, to provide basic data for rubella prevention and control. Methods Rubella virus strains were isolated on Vero cells from the suspected patients' specimens collected in Zhejiang province during 2005 to 2010. Partial fragments of the structural gene of Zhejiang rubella strains were amplified, using nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The amplified products were sequences and analyzed.Results In total, 7 rubella strains were isolated from 52 clinical specimens, of which six were classified as genotype I E and only one was characterized as genotype 2B. In the phylogenetic tree, the Zhejiang IE genotype rubella strains were located in the same branches with Hongkong or Hainan isolates respectively, but the Zhejiang 2B genotype strain were located in the same branch with oversea strain BuenosAires.ARG/46.08. Through p-distance analysis, results also showed that the Zhejiang 2B genotype strain was closer to the 2B strains isolated from overseas (0.011 ) than those strains from other provinces of China (0.023). Compared with Chinese vaccine strain BRD Ⅱ, the homology on three structural genes was C＞E2＞E1, but the homology of deduced amino acid sequence was E1 ＞ C ＞ E2, with corresponding 3,11 and 23 amino acid mutations. There was only one amino acid on E1 gene with entropy value higher than 0.600, but seven sites on E2 gene with entropy value appeared higher than 0.600 and one with entropy value higher than 1.000. Conclusion Two genotypes of rubella virus had circulated in Zhejiang province during 2005 to 2010. Genotype IE appeared to be the predominant genotype and 2B being an imported one. Amino acid sequence of E1 gene from Zhejiang rubella strains was comparatively conserved, but E2 gene was hypervariable.Study on rubella virus E2 and C gene should be conducted in the epidemiological surveillance program of rubella.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides on testicular injury induced by exposure to high power microwave (HPM) in rats.

METHODSA total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, i.e., the normal control group, the microwave radiation model group, the treatment group, the new microwave radiation model group, and the prevention group, 6 in each group. All rats, except those in the normal control group, were exposed to microwave at an average power density of 200 mW/cm2 for 6 min. Rats in the control group and the model group were administered with normal saline by gastrogavage, once a day. Rats in the treatment group and the prevention group were given with Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides by gastrogavage, 2 mL each time (400 mg/kg body weight), once a day. All rats were sacrificed on the 11th day.The sperm density and the rate of sperm deformity were determined. Pathological changes of testis were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope.

RESULTSShort-term HPM irradiation could significantly reduce the sperm density and increase the sperm deformity rate (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, obvious pathological changes of testes occurred. Compared with the two model groups, the sperm density increased and the sperm deformity rate decreased in the treatment group and the prevention group (P < 0.05). Under the light microscope, injuries of spermatogenic cells and stromal cells, as well as vascular dilatation and congestion were obviously alleviated in the treatment group and the prevention group. Mitochondrial swelling and endoplasmic reticulum expansion shown by ultrastructural observation were also significantly alleviated. Of them, injuries of spermatogenic cells and inflammation response were milder in the treatment group than in the prevention group.

CONCLUSIONSInonotus obliquus polysaccharides had significant protective effect on microwave radiation induced testicular injury. Better effect was obtained by therapeutic medication than preventive medication.

Animals ; Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; Male ; Microwaves ; adverse effects ; Polysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Radiation Injuries, Experimental ; prevention & control ; Radiation-Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Testis ; drug effects ; pathology ; radiation effects