Graves' disease,the most common disorder of hyperthyroidism,is an autoimmune disease related with autoantibody (TRAb),with the specific mechanism remaining incompletely understood.The therapies for Graves disease include three conventional methods:anti-thyroid drugs,radioiodine and surgery.Only treatment with anti-thyroid drugs is aimed at the immune factor;they can eliminate TRAb and lead to recovery ultimately.Literatures have drumed in that treatment with anti-thyroid drugs was a basic therapy for Graves' diseases,and they were the first choice to cure hyperthyroidism all over the world (except for the U.S.A).The drugs do not destroy the structure of thyroid follicle,and are safe and efficient;moreover,their effect is reversible and therefore do not cause permanent damage to the thyroid.Anti-thyroid drugs not only can be used alone,it also can be used before radioiodine or surgery.ATA chairman professor Cooper(NEJM,2005) propounded a therapy path for Graves' disease,which is helpful for clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the cause-related marketing strategy in pharmaceutical industry.METHODS:The theory of cause-related marketing was introduced and the cause-related marketing pattern was illustrated with examples.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Pharmaceutical enterprises can achieve win-win effect in both economic returns and social effects by selecting suitable public welfare projects and applying cause-related marketing.

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is one of the main inherited retinal diseases causing congenital blindness.LCA is also characterized by genetic heterogeneity and variable clinical phenotypes.Recent years,a lot of molecular genetic studies related with its pathogenesis have been performed.So far,20 causative genes have been identified that account for LCA.Some correlations between genotype and clinical phenotype have also been found.Those specific clinical manifestations may help to identify the mutant gene that causes the LCA.This review summarized the causal genes,their roles in the pathogenesis of LCA,coupled with relationship between specific gene and Corresponding phenotype,which will assist the clinician in patient diagnosis and counseling.

Objective To evaluate surgical management of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA).Methods Clinical data of 36 RAAA patients undergoing emergent graft replacement or endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) from May 2002 to July 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.25 and 21 patients were associated with hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease respectively.33 patients were treated with graft replacement.3 patients received endovascular treatment and 1 patient converted to open surgery.Results Perioperative death occurred in 3 patients including severe hemorrhagic shock in 1 patient,cardiac arrest in 1 patient and multiple organ failure in 1 patient.During follow up for 3 to 61 months,no operation related complication,such as artificial graft infection happened.Conclusions Emergent operation including open surgery and EVAR is crucial for RAAA treatment.Early diagnosis,excellent operative techniques and effective perioperative management are measures conducive to lowering the mortality rate of RAAA.

AIM: Studies reveal that, cytokines play an important role in the process of various inflammatory reaction, wound repair and cell mutation, also, cytokines are expected to be a novel indicator of ratiocinating wound time. This study was designed to explore the changes in gene expression of interlukin-1? (IL-1?) and interlukin-1? (IL-1?) during the skin wound healing process in mice at different phases. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Forensic Medicine Department of China Criminal Police University from March 2006 to December 2007. ①Thirty-five BALB/c inbred male white mice of cleaning grade, aged 25-27 g, were used in this study. ②Skin wound model was induced by injuries in the area of 1.0 cm away from two sides of spinal column, without affection on muscles. Three pairs of injuries were established in each mouse. Five animals were decapitated under anesthesia at 0, 3, 6, 12 hours and 1, 3, 6 days, respectively, whereas those at 0 hour were taken as controls. ③The white blood cells at different phases were observed under microscope after immunochemical staining. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was applied to detect gene expression of IL-1? and IL-1?. RESULTS: Thirty-five BALB-c inbred male white mice were all involved in the result analysis. ①Skin wound was weakly positive during 0-5 hours after injury; the positive reaction was attenuated during 6-24 hours, and positive cells increased, of which macrophages were dominant. Infiltration of massive leucocyte neutrophils and a small quantity of mononuclear cells were detectable at 1 day; mononuclear cells increased during 2-4 days, and reached a peak at 3 days. In control group, the epidermis, folliculus pili, glandulae sebaceae and coil gland were all weakly positive. ②IL-1? and IL-1? were expressed at early phase after injury, and two expressing peaks were found at 6 and 72 hours, then decreased to normalized levels at 6 days after injury. CONCLUSION: Genet expression of IL-1? and IL-1? in damaged tissues has a regularity with wound time, and can be used for reference to estimate early injury age in forensic cases.

Objective To examine the association between baseline body mass index (BMI) and overall survival (OS) in lymph node negative breast cancer patients. Methods From Jan. 1st, 1998 to Dec. 30th, 2008, 662 patients with lymph node negative breast cancer were treated at the Breast Center of Peking University Peo-ple’s Hospital. The clinical factors such as menopause status, tumor stage, body mass index (BMI), total triglyc-eride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and glucose (GLU) were collected. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between obese and other factors. Log-Rank test and Cox regression analysis were performed to make univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The median follow up was 82 months (ranging from 2 to 209 months). The 5-year and 10-year survival was 93% and 82%. Obesity was associated with GLU and tumor stage (χ2=5.224, P=0.031; χ2=6.007, P=0.14), whereas there was no relationship between obesity and other factors. The Log-Rank test revealed statistically significant better survival for non obesity (χ2=4.693, P=0.030), normal GLU (χ2=4.678, P=0.031) and HR positive patients (χ2=7.837, P=0.005). COX regression analysis showed that BMI (χ2=3.874, P=0.049) and HR status (χ2=6.782, P=0.030) had independent influence on overall survival of node negative breast cancer patients. Conclusion Obesity is an adverse prognostic factor for lymph node negative breast cancer patients, which may be associated with obesity-related disorders such as high blood GLU.

The theory of Medical Immunology is independent,which includes a lot of new knowledge.Optimizing resource of medical immunology,recombinating knowledge structure,building knowledge framework and leading in PBL(Problem Based Learning) teaching method help to arouse students’studying interest and elevate teaching effect.

OBJECTIVE: To recognize the research status on the mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH oxidases in cell growth and death,and explore the effects of ROS and NADPH oxidases on cardiomyocyte differentiation.DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search of Medline was undertaken for the articles about the action mechanism of reactive oxygen and NADPH oxidases in cell growth and death published in English between January 1997 and December 2003 with the key words of "Reactive oxygen species, NADPH oxidase, Cardiomyocytes, Differentiation, Signal transduction".STUDY SELECTION: Inclusive criteria: ①Articles on ROS production and structure and activation of NADPH oxidase and their action mechanism in cell growth and death; ②Research about the molecule mechanism of cardiomyocytes differentiation. The repetitive research and review articles were excluded.DATA EXTRACTION: Totally 132 articles about the action mechanism of ROS and NADPH oxidase and cardiomyocytes differentiation were collected, and 78 ones met the inclusive criteria.DATA SYNTHESIS: ①ROS involved in pathogenesis of many diseases were mainly from intramitochondrial electron transport chains, and NADPH oxidase was closely related with ROS production; NADPH oxidase firstly found in phagocyte was a kind of multienzyme complex, and its activity was regulated by the concentration of Ca2+ in cells and mRNA expression of its subunits. ②At present, many researchers presumed that oxidative stress was a double-edged sword, and it two-ways regulated the cell proliferation and death, in which ROS served as the second messenger in the signal transduction. Recent data showed that ROS and NADPH oxidase played important roles in cardiomyocytes differentiation; however, it was not identified which subunit of NADPH oxidase expressed in myocardial cells and its detail regulative pathway. Those problems were important for further study in the molecule mechanism of cardiomyocytes differentiation.CONCLUSION: ROS including superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH-), are generated in cardiomyocytes mainly by a membrane-bound NADPH oxidase (NOX). The NOX-derived ROS, as the second passenger, play important roles in various intracellular signaling pathways. In cardiomyocytes, ROS have the potential to alter the balance between cell growth and death through these signaling pathways. Recently,ROS have been demonstrated to play a critical role in regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Research in the regulation mechanisms of ROS will contribute to our better understanding of he role of ROS and NADPH oxidase in cardicomyocyte differentiation and will lead to the identification of factors able to promote cardiac differentiation.

Objective: To measure the convergence angles of teeth in different teeth positions and different denture designs.Methods:Mesio-distal widths and labio-lingual widths were measured on 226 teeth according to three points in a line on three surfaces (gingival, middle and incise) of each tooth.The distance between every point and the counterpart point in the adjacent surface was measured.Then convergence angles were calculated. Results:The means of the angles were 4.13°±0.77°,4.14°±0.76°, 4.46°±0.95°, 4.76°±0.84° on the first and second premolar, the first and second molar,respectively . There were significant differences between the premolars and molars(P<0.05).On the dentures with the designs of monocrown, triunit-bridge and long bridge the means of the angles were 3.78°±0.74°,4.69°±0.75° and 5.08°±0.85° respectively,the angle on the denture with the design of monocrown was smaller than that of bridge (P<0.05).Conclusion:The convergence angles are different according to different teeth positions and different denture designs, so they should be adjusted according to the clinical requirements.

Objective The study is to investigate the effect of tanshinone on lung reperfusion injury. Methods 24 New-Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. In one group, the lungs were perfused and preserved with LPD solution, the other with LPD+ tanshinone solution. The isolated lungs were preserved for 18 hours and then reperfused with rewarming whole blood. After reperfusing 30 minutes the lung samples were examined by pathology, wet/dry weight and measure of NO, SOD and MDA. Results In two groups, the reperfusion injury lungs were fresh, but had partial congestion, edema and ecchymoma under naked eye, under light microscopy the structures of the pulmonary vesiculars, branchia and capillaries were complete, but the epithelial cells of the vesicles and capillaries in the LPD group were more swelling and hypertrophy than that in LPD+ tanshinone group. The wet/dry weight ratio was significantly lower in LPD+ tanshinone group than in the LPD group. NO [(2.16±2.15)μmol/g] and SOD [(37.03±18.01NU/mg] were higher in the LPD+ tanshinone group than in the LPD group [(0.68±0.33) μmol/g, (17.63±11.04)NU/mg] (all P<0.05), MDA was lower in the LPD+ tanshinone group [(0.47±0.20)μmol/mg] than in the LPD group [(0.86±0.44)μmol/mg] (P<0.05). Conclusions Tanshinone can dean oxygen free radical and is of stronger antioxidation, results in alleriating of lung reperfusing injury. Tanshinone has positive effect on preservative quality of the reperfusion injury lung.