The level of cataract basic research in China still exist significant difference compared with some developed countries. It mainly demonstrates on lacking of creativity in selecting research subjects, low-level reproducibility in research contents, and confusion or misunderstanding of basic concepts, etc. We should have a clear idea to this and enhance our research level in the future.

Continuous circular capsulorhexis(CCC)was per- formed during cataract extraction in 31 eyes of 29 cases using a bent 2S-gauge needle attached to a 1- ml.syringe or Utrata capsule forceps.In 24 of the 31 eyes(77.4%)the procedures were done successfu- lly.The other 7 eyes were performed can-opener ca- psulotomy because of the following conditions:radial capscular tears(4 eyes),unforming upturned triangular tag at the beginning(2 eyes),the two ends of the tear failiing to link up each other(1 eye).Hydrodissection was used to free the lens nucleus and there was no difficulty in delivering it in any of the 24 eyes that CCC were operated on.No radial tears on the verge of capsulor membrane were produced in any of these cases.The basic technique of CCC was discussed in this article.

Objective To observe the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection on choroidal neovascularization in brown Norway rats. Methods Thirty-six healthy brown Norway rats were divided randomly into control group (n=18) and experimental group (n=18), while one eye was chosen randomly as experimental eye. The choroidal neovascularization model was establishied, while 8μl triamcin-olone acetonide was injected in vitreous body immediately after photocoagulation in the experimental group, and the same volume isotonic balanced salt solution was injected in the control group. The eyes of six rats were enucleated for histological slices in the second, forth, and sixth week, respectively. The expression of nuclear factor-kappa B was detected with immunohistochemical method, and the max area of choroidal neovascularization was also measured. Results The area of choroidal neovascularization was smaller, and the expression of nucle-ar factor-kappa B was lower in the experimental group than in the control group (t>7.450, P<0.001). Conclusion Triamcinolone acetonide could effectively inhibit the development of choroidal neovascularization, and decrease the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B in brown Norway rats.

Objective To investigate the expression and signification of Transforming growth factor-?1 and its typeⅠReceptor in choroidal neovascularization(CNV) induced with krypton laser on Brown Norway rat. Design Experimental study. Participants Five groups of 30 BN rats. Methods The rats were photocoagulated with krypton laser in single eye to induce CNV. 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks after photocoagulation, the retina was processed respectively for immunohistochemistry of FⅧR:Ag, TGF-?1 and T?RⅠ, in situ hybridization of TGF-?1mRNA. Main Outcome Measures FⅧR:Ag, TGF-?1, TGF-?1mRNA and T?RⅠ. Results FⅧR:Ag positive staining cells formed vessels in the lesion 1 week after photocoagulation. TGF-?1mRNA expressed in the ganglion cells, RPE in normal BN retina, TGF-?1 and T?RⅠexpressed in the ganglion cells, inner nuclear layer, RPE in normal BN retina, and they all expressed in the lesions after photocoagulation. From 3 days to 4 weeks, the expression density of FⅧR:Ag in the lesions increased (P

Background Hypoxia can increase the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF A) by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and initiate choroidal neovascularization (CNV) consequently.Two VEGF-A isoforms,the angiogenic VEGF-A family (VEGFxxx) and the anti-angiogenic VEGF-A family (VEGFxxxb),are found and formed by alternative splicing.However,the expressing changes and its effect in human RPE cells under the normoxia and hypoxia are unclear.Objective This study was to investigate the expression of VEGFxxx b in human RPE cells under hypoxia.Methods ARPE-19,a human RPE cell line,were cultured.CoCl2 150 μmol/L was added into the medium to mimic the hypoxia environment for 0 hour (normoxia group),3,12 and 24 hours to induce the hypoxia cells.The cells or suspension was harvested at various time points.The expressions of VEGFxxx mRNA and VEGFxxxb mRNA in the cells were detected,and the expressions of the total VEGF-A protein and VEGFxxxb protein in the cells were assayed by Western blot.ELISA was used to determine the contents of total VEGF-A and VEGFxxxb proteins in suspension.Results VEGFxxx mRNA and VEGFxxxb mRNA were expressed in the ARPE-19 cells in both normoxia and hypoxia,and multiple VEGFxxx mRNA isoforms appeared,including VEGF121 mRNA,VEGF165 mRNA and extremely faint VEGF189 mRNA,but only VEGF165b band was seen in VEGFxxxb mRNA.With the prolong of hypoxia culture,the expression of VEGFxxx mRNA showed gradual increase,while VEGFxxx b mRNA appeared gradual decrease.Western blot exhibited that VEGFxxxb was expressed in the cells cultured by normoxia and hypoxia with the strongest expression in VEGF165b.The VEGFxxxb content in suspension of medium was (166.82± 2.55) pg/ml under the normoxia environment and (125.35 ±2.10) pg/ml in 24 hours under the hypoxia,and the total VEGF-A protein elevated from (294.27 ± 11.97) pg/ml under the normoxia environment to (582.26 ± 12.98) pg/ml in 24 hours under the hypoxia.In addition,the proportion of VEGFxxxb to total VEGF-A in the cells lowed from (56.71 ± 1.02) ％ under the normoxia environment to (21.53 ±0.08) ％ in 24 hours under the hypoxia.Conclusions VEGFxxxb isoforms are expressed in both normoxia and hypoxia ARPE-19 cells.VEGFxxxb isoform is a predominant isoform in normoxia ARPE-19 cells.In hypoxia ARPE-19 cells,however,the expression of VEGF A is significantly stronger than that of VEGFxxxb.

Background Extracellular matrix (ECM) has various kinds of types and important biological function.The important role of ECM during choroidal neovascularization (CNV) arouse attention.Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is one of ECMs, involves in the formation of blood vessels, but the relationship between CNV and ICAM-1 is still unknown.Objective This study was to observe the dynamic expression of ICAM-1 in krypton laser-induced CNV and explore the effect of ICAM-1 on CNV.Methods Forty-eight healthy male clean BN rats were randomly divided into post-photocoagulation 1-week group,2-week group,3-week group,4-week group, 5-week group, 6-week group, 7-week group and 8-week group.Laser-induced CNV models were monocularly established and the fellow eyes served as the normal controls.Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was carried out to quantitate the leakage degree (absorbency).The eyeballs were enucleated on various time points,and CNV areas were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining;immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assay were employed, respectively, for the detection of relative expression levels of ICAM-1 protein and mRNA (absorbency).The use and care of the animals complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Committee.Results After laser photocoagulation,the retinal inner and outer nuclear layers were ruptured and invaginated.Disruption of Bruch membrane and macrophages migrating to the photocoagulation zone were seen under the optical microscope.The proliferation of fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells was exhibited.ICAM-1 protein was mainly expressed in vascular endothelial cells,retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and macrophages,and ICAM-1 mRNA was mainly expressed in the outer nuclear layer.Statistically significant differences were found in the fluorescence leakage degree, the relative expression levels of ICAM-1 protein and mRNA as well as CNV areas among the groups (F=178.839, 739.077,2 463.508,194.434, all at P＜0.05).The gradually enlarged CNV area, increased fluorescence leakage, up-regulation of ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expressions were matched with the extension of time after photocoagulation and peaked in the post-photocoagulation 8-week group.Conclusions The expressions of ICAM-1 protein and mRNA up-regulate upon the increase of CNV area and fluorescein leakage, suggesting that ICAM-1 might play an important role in CNV development.

To study the clinical feature and surgical outcome of subretina and vitreous hemorrhage associated with senile macular degeneration (SMD). Vitrectomy was performed in 29 eyes of 29 patients with subretina and vitreous hemorrhage associated with SMD. Changes in the retina were observed, and the results of surgery were analyzed. The results showed that there was submacular hemorrhage in 16 patients, in whom 4 showed periomacular subretinal hematoma. There was peri macular subretinal hematoma only in 13 cases. The pathological changes in the macular region included discoid degeneration, submacular neovascularization, fixed foldings, exudation, scar and atrophic discoid cicatrization. All patients got visual acuity improvement after surgery. However those patients who had subretinal hemorrhage got less improvement of visual acuity than the others. It suggested that the SMD patients who was complicated by subretinal hemorrhage had a severer macular lesion. Pars plana vitrectomy could restore central vision of patients who suffered from subretinal and vitreous hemorrhage. But the outcome was related with the position of subretinal hemorrhage.

Objective To evaluate short term effects of a single photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment with visudyne (CIBA Vision Corp.) for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age ralated macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Thirty cases (35 eyes) diagnosed as AMD patients with classic CNV were treated with PDT. The data of visual acuity testing, fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and optic coherence tomography (OCT) were used to evaluate the effects of a single treatment of PDT before and 1 week, 1 ,3 month after treatment. Results The visual acuity of 34 eyes were stable or improved in 3 months follow up;and the visual acuity of 1 eye was decreased. Decrease or dispearance of fluorescein leakage from CNV was noted in 19 eyes. No serious complication occurred. Conclusion Single treatment of PDT for CNV in AMD can achieve short term decrease or cessation of fluorescein leakage from CNV without loss of visual acuity.

Objective To investigate the effect of methylprednisolone on the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in M?ller cells of rats' retinae injured by laser. Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into two groups and inflicted with laser photocoagulation.The rats in treatment group were given methylprednisolone by intraperitoneal injection with a dose of 30 mg/kg for 3 days.At the 3rd,7th,14th,and 28th day after photocoagulation respectively, the eyes were enucleated,fixed and cut into sections.Immunohistochemical examination was used to detect the expression of PCNA and GFAP. Results After photocoagulation the M?ller cells expressed PCNA both in the treatment and control group,and the expression of PCNA decreased sharply after 3 days. The expression of PCNA in treatment group was less than that in control group. After photocoagulation the M?ller cells also expressed GFAP and the expression of GFAP lasted for at least 28 days ,and the expression of GFAP expression in the treatment group was less than that in the control group. Conclusion Methylprednisolone can reduce the expression of GFAP and PCNA in M?ller cells of rats' retinae injured by laser.