Objective To observe the clinical effect of peroutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) of parathyroid gland guided by color ultrasound on dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathy-roidism. Methods Percutaneons ethanol injection therapy (PELT) was used for seven patients who suf-fered from secondary hyperparathyroidism, and systemic perioperative nursing care and relative health edu-cation were applied. Results All patients had obtained successful operation without any operative sud-denness or associated complications,Patients" serious scratching and bone ache was obviously relieved.Conclusions Treatment with PEIT and effective nursing to patients suffered from secondary hyper-parathyroidism can reduce the complications, and than improve the quality of live for patients.

Objective: In order to avoid the radiation and contrast agent injury, and to extend the echocardiography guided percutaneous ventricular septal defects (VSD) closure, based on femoral artery approach, we assessed the efifcacy and safety of VSD closure via trans-jugular approach solely under the guidance of echocardiography.
Methods: A total of 12 patients with peri-membranous VSD treated in our hospital from 2014-10 to 2015-04 were enrolled. The patients were at the age at (1.2-3.5 with the mean of 2.4 ± 0.8 ) years, the body weight at (7-15 with the mean of 11.6 ± 2.6) kg and the diameter of VSD was (3.5-6 with the mean of 4.8 ± 0.7) mm. The patients received percutaneous VSD closure via transjugular approach solely under the guidance of echocardiography. The procedural effect was evaluated by echocardiography and the follow-up study was conducted at 1, 3 and 6 month safter the procedures.
Results: There were 9 patients successfully ifnished VSD closure via trans-jugular approach. 1 patient was converted to femoral artery approach because the wire could not pass through the defect of ventricular septal; 1 was converted to minimally invasive per-ventricular closure since the catheter could not pass through the defect; 1 was converted to conventional surgical repair due to the residual shunt was more than 2mm. The procedural time was (53-89 with the mean of 67.2±12.5) min, the diameter of symmetrical occluder was (6-8 with the mean of 7.0±0.9) mm. 2 patients had immediate post-operative residual shunt, all patients were recovered and discharged. No peripheral vascular injury and cardiac perforation occurred, the hospitalization time was (3-5 with the mean of 3.6 ± 0.7) days. The follow-up examination was conducted at (1-6 with the mean of 3.9 ± 2.1) months, the slight residual shunt in 2 patients disappeared at 1 month after procedure; no pericardial effusion, occluder malposition, aortic regurgitation and atria-ventricular block occurred.
Conclusion: Echocardiography guided trans-jugular approach of VSD closure is safe and effective, it may particularly avoid the radiation and contrast agent injury in clinical practice.

Objective: Traditional percutaneous ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure had disadvantages of radiation and contrast media reaction in relevant patients. We want to investigate the efifcacy and safety of percutaneous VSD closure under solely guidance of echocardiography.
Methods: A total of 28 VSD patients treated by percutaneous VSD closure under solely guidance of trans-thoracic echocardiography in our hospital from 2014-02 to 2014-10 were summarized. The patients mean age was (9.5 ± 3.1) years with the body weight at (31.3 ± 7.7) kg. The average diameter of VSD was (4.6 ± 0.9) mm, and the clinical follow-up study was conducted by echocardiography at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the procedure.
Results: There were 26 patients with successful treatment by percutaneous VSD closure under solely guidance of echocardiography. 1 patient was converted to perventricular closure with trans-esophageal echocardiography guidance because the catheter could not pass through the defect; another patient was converted to surgical repair because of the residual shunt > 2 mm. The average procedural time was (63.3 ± 11.7) min and the mean diameter of symmetrical occluder was (6.6 ± 1.0) mm. There were 2 patients with immediate post-operative residual shunt, and the average in-hospital time was (3.7 ± 1.3) days. All patients discharged without the complications as peripheral vascular injury or cardiac perforation. The average follow-up time was (6.2 ± 3.4) months. The residual shunt disappeared in 2 patients at 1 month follow-up time point. No patients suffered from pericardial effusion, occluder malposition, atrio-ventricular block and aortic valve regurgitation.
Conclusion: Echocardiography guided percutaneous VSD closure is safe and effective, it may avoid the radiation and contrast media reaction in relevant patients.

Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of transthoracic minimally invasive patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion in infants and young children.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 105 infants and young children who received the transthoracic minimally invasive PDA occlusion in our hospital from 2012-10 to 2014-10. According to PDA diameter, patients were divided into 2 groups:Group A, the patients with PDA diameter ≥ 4 mm,n=64 and group B, the patients with 2 mm ≤ PDA diameter < 4 mm,n=41. All patients received the left third parasternal intercostal incision under suprasternal echocardiography guidance. The operative effect was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography, and the follow-up study was performed at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months period and then annually after the operation by echocardiography.
Results: All 105 patients had successfully implanted PDA occluders. The patients’ gender, age, body weight, tracheal intubation time and the in-hospital time were similar between 2 groups,P>0.05. Compared with Group B, Group A had the larger diameters of PDA (5.7 ± 1.4) mm vs (2.7 ± 0.6) mm, P<0.001, PDA occluders (10.6 ± 1.8) mm vs (7.2 ± 1.3) mm, P<0.001, and the higher rates of moderate and severe post-operative thrombocytopenia 10.9% (7/64) vs 0% (0/41),P=0.028, immediate post-operative residual shunt as 15.6% (10/64) vs 2.4% (1/41),P=0.031. There was 1 patient in Group A suffered from pericardial tamponade due to hemorrhage at 2 days after operation and he was cured by emergent pericardial drainage. The patients were followed-up for (11.6 ± 7.8) months. The 1 month post-operative residual shunt was similar between 2 groups as 1.6% (1/64 ) vs 0% (0/41),P=0.421, and there was no residual shunt at 3 months after the operation. There were no complications of occluder detachment, hemolysis, pericardial effusion, left pulmonary artery or descending aortic stenosis occurred during the follow-up period.
Conclusion: Transthoracic minimally invasive PDA occlusion is a safe and effective method to treat the relevant infants and young children, while the post-operative residual shunt and thrombocytopenia should be closely observed in patients with large PDA.

Objectives:To evaluate the valvular and cardiac function,cardiac reverse remodeling at 6-month after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair(TEER)for patients with functional and degenerative mitral valve regurgitation,and summarize the experience of echocardiography application. Methods:The clinical data of 93 patients with moderate to severe mitral regurgitation(MR)treated with TEER and completed 6-month follow-up in Yunnan Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital from July 2022 to February 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were divided into functional mitral regurgitation(FMR)and degenerative mitral regurgitation(DMR)groups according to MR etiology.The valve characteristic parameters,as well as valvular function,chamber volume and cardiac functional parameters before and at 6 months after operation were compared.The key points of echocardiography application were summarized. Results:Among all patients,71 were FMR and 22 were DMR.There were differences in valve structure between the two groups.Mitral TEER were successfully accomplished and all patients completed 6-month follow-up.The key points of echocardiography application included:valve structure analysis,atrial septal puncture location,device delivery process monitoring and image optimization during clamping process.The mitral regurgitation grade and NYHA grade were significantly improved in all patients at 6 months after TEER(P<0.05),and the mean mitral valve pressure gradient was higher than that before operation(P<0.05).Left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV),left ventricular end-systolic volume(LVESV)and left atrial volume index in FMR group were significantly decreased(P<0.05),while left ventricular and left atrial volume in DMR group remained unchanged(P>0.05).There were no significant changes in left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular global strain in both groups during the observation period(P>0.05).The changes of LVEDV and LVESV before and after operation were more significant in FMR group than those in DMR group(P<0.05). Conclusions:Mitral TEER can reduce the degree of regurgitation and improve cardiac function in the early postoperative period for moderate and severe MR patients with different etiologies.There are differences in preoperative valve structure and postoperative cardiac reverse remodeling between FMR and DMR patients.Echocardiography is an important imaging technique for the evaluation and monitoring process before,during and post mitral TEER.

Objective:To investigate the application of diagnostic criteria for common occupational radiation-induced diseases to radiation workers, in order to provide a basis for the revision, publicity and standardization of the standards.Methods:Radiation workers were selected from 1 city, 7 provinces and 1 corporation by using cluster random sampling method from January 2021 to May 2021. Awareness of the criteria and the effects of ionizing radiation, and the suggestions for diagnostic works were investigated and analyzed.Results:A total of 2 839 radiation workers were investigated. There were differences in the awareness of different diagnostic criteria, the inclusions in complex diagnostic criteria, the materials required for applying for diagnosis, and the ways of knowing the diagnostic criteria( χ2=416.06, 2 924.14, 83.45, 895.67, 815.94, P<0.001). The correct understanding rates of deterministic effects and stochastic effects were 80.63% and 43.64%, respectively. The acceptance rates in applicable materials were 96.79% for occupational exposure history, 94.72% for occupational health monitoring records and 93.55% for individual monitoring of occupational exposure, respectively. Pre-employment training rate was 80.20%, on-job training rate was 81.19%, and untrained rate was 3.77%. The suggestions to the diagnosis of occupational radiation-induced diseases are to strengthen training, pay attention to individual monitoring, occupational health examination, and strengthen health supervision and law enforcement. Conclusions:Radiation workers have a low awareness rate of certain diagnostic standards and a high awareness rate of diagnostic procedures. Publicity and training of health effects of ionizing radiation and diagnostic criteria of occupational radiation-induced diseases should be strengthened. Diagnostic procedure should be optimized.

Objective    To explore the key points, indications and safety of trans-jugular transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) in infants. Methods    The clinical data of 53 infants with ASD from January 2017 to May 2019 in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. There were 20 males and 33 females with the age of 1.2 (0.5-2.9) years, and body weight of 9.0 (6.8-10.6) kg. The ASD diameter was 9.8 (8.0-14.0) mm. Thirty-one patients were treated under the guidance of transesophageal ultrasound (TEE), and the other 22 patients under the guidance of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). We used the steerable curved sheath through the internal jugular vein under the guidance of echocardiography, and the average occluder size was 13.5±4.5 mm. Results    All of the 53 patients were successfully occluded, and none of them changed to radiation-guided or transthoracic surgery. Postoperative hospital stay was 3.35±0.70 d. There was no complication such as peripheral vascular injury, occluder malposition or displacement, serious arrhythmia or pericardial effusion. The patients were followed up for 14.3±5.1 months without arrhythmia, residual shunt, occluder malposition or displacement or thrombus. Conclusion    Echocardiography-guided trans-jugular closure of ASD for infants with low weight and large ASD shunt or patients with inferior vena cava abnormalities not suitable for femoral vein treatment, not only overcomes the radiation risk of radiation guidance, but also maintains the advantages of minimal invasiveness and safety, providing a new treatment option for such patients.

As a new method, immunotherapy which is targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays a more and more important role in the treatment of malignant tumors. Immunotherapy is more effective than traditional chemotherapy. However, there are also many adverse events during the application of immunocheckpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1, and the incidence rate of these adverse events among different drugs is different. Because the molecular structure of these drugs is an important indicator to distinguish them, this paper will analyze the correlation between molecular structure and adverse events of PD-1/PD-L1 immunocheckpoint inhibitors through reviewing some meta-analyses and retrospective analyses from the perspective of different structures.

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common valvular heart disease, however, majority of patients are not suitable for open heart surgery due to comorbidity such as organ and heart dysfunction. Transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair has become an effective treatment option for high-risk patients with MR. Two patients were enrolled in this study inlcuding one 60-year degenerative mitral regurgitation patient and one 72-year functional mitral regurgitation patient. Transcatheter repair procedure was successfully done for the two patients without postoperative complication.