Hospitalization expenses constitute the main part of the compensation of medical insurance.The aim of this paper is to analyze the variation of medical expenses of hospitalized patients with medical insurance in different modes of accounting,find the influencing factors in accounting quotas on hospitalization expenses,and set up a scientific and reasonable mode of accounting with a full consideration of the huge demands of medical resources.

Objective To understand the current status of health knowledge demands and its associated factors in general population. Methods A questionnaire-based survey by convenience sampling method was carried out in 700 subjects aged over 15 years old in October 2014. Information of demographics and health knowledge demands were collected. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17.0. Results A total of 653 subjects were responded, with a response rate of 93.3%. Respondents in male and female were 339 (51.9%) and 314 (48.1%) respectively. There were no differences among age , educational levels and self-reported health status between the two genders 86.6% of the participants showed that they had interests in health knowledge. Educational level and age were the factors associated with the interests. 65.8% and 72.3% of people want to get practical health knowledge of western and traditional Chinese medicine respectively. The top concern of health issues were cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. For preferred ways of learning health knowledge , television is the favorite one (44%), especially in elderly (over 63.8%). A relative high option rate was newspaper and magazine in all age groups. However, young people showed that they preferred the ways of the internet and Wechat (about 50%). For health disseminators, the participants in all age had greatest trust in experts in large hospitals (over 60%). The second option was retired old experts. The experienced patients were convinced in some degree and increased with age. Conclusions In future, health education in general population should considered the characteristics of the population and the applicability of knowledge. Besides , it is necessary to integrate traditional Chinese medicine with Western medicine, traditional media with new media, also authoritative experts and living example.

Objective To explore the behavioral patterns of middle school students and provide basis for unintentional injury prevention in these students.Methods 171 injury students and 171 normal students as controls were evaluated by Youth Self-Report(YSR),and mean scores were compared between the two groups by t Test.Logistic regressions were performed to analyze the relationship between injury students and behavioral problems.Results The rate was higher in injury group(15.79%) than in control group(8.19%).The score of injury group of boys was higher than thar of control group(t=2.942,P=0.004);the score of injury group of girls was higher than thar in control group(t=3.766,P=0.000).Multi-factor Logistic regression analysis showed that attention-deficit(OR=5.376),the problem of thinking(OR=3.672),social problems(OR=2.204) and friendly fellows' action was a risk factor.Conclusions There is a significant effect of the behavior of students and fellow students on the injury to students.

Objective To explore the value of high frequency ultrasonography for the early diagnosis of hyperuricemia in patients with joint disease.Methods Ninety-eight patients with hyperuricemia and 100 healthy persons,according to with or without history of acute gout attack,were divided into symptomatic group,asymptomatic group and control group,whose first metatarsophalangeal joint,ankle and knee were examined by high frequency ultrasonography.Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results ① The joint lesions detection rate in the symptomatic group,asymptomatic group and the control group was 57％ (13/23),16％ (12/75),0 (0/100) respectively.There was statistical significant difference between the symptomatic group and the asymptomatic group (x2=9.69,P＜0.05).② The symptomatic group had 29 joint involvement (29/138),including 25 at the first metatarsophalangeal joint,3 at the ankle and one at the knee joint.The asymptomatic group had 14 joints involved (14/450),which were all located at the first metatarsophalangeal joint.③ The sonographic appearance of the two groups of arthropathy were synovial thickening,effusion,crystal deposition andbone erosion.The symptoms group presented as tophi,and increased synovial blood flow.Conclusion Patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia may have joint diseases.The joint disease detection rate of the symptomatic group is higher than that of the asymptomatic group.High frequency ultrasonography can be used a conventional imaging method for the screening of patients with hyperuricemia joint disease.The focus of the screening of asymptomatic patients is the first metatarsophalangeal joint.The focus of the screening of symptomatic patients is the first metatarsophalangeal joint and the joints that were attacked in the past history.

Objective To identify one runny mucoid-like Gram-negative bacteria with pink pigment isolated from clinical pus sample. Methods The pus sample was aseptically extracted from a deep lesions of one patient, then stored in Amies medium at room temperature for transportation. One sheep blood plate and one chocolate plate were used to detect the possible pathogens from the specimens. After inoculation, the plates were placed in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 35 ℃. To identify the obtained isolates, we used the commercial Vitek2 and API systems, combining some traditional morphological examination and classical biochemical and physiological characteristics. For pure cultures, the cellular fatty acids were extracted, methylated, and determined by gas chromatography method. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced by a commercial broad-spectrum PCR primers. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene was constructed by Mega 4.1 software using the neighbour-joining methods with 1 000 bootstrap replications. Results One runny mucoid-like Gram-negative bacterium, named K8756, was isolated both on sheep blood and chocolate plates after 72 h incubation. The API 20NE profile was 1245045 after a 3-day culture, which would be identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi with a good confidence of 98% probability. It was identified as Ralstonia pickettii and Bordetella bronchiseptica by VITEK 2 GN kits. However, further comparative 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain K8756 was closely related to the valid published Roseomonas mucosa MDA 5527 with 100% identity. Colonial morphologic features, phenotypic characteristics and major cellular fatty acid composition were also with high similarity to Roseomonas mucosa. Conclusions Strain K8756( = GIMCC 1.0030 ) is identified as Roseomonas mucosa by the polyphasic phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The comparative analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences is a useful method for identifying the problematic and newly named bacteria.

Objective To investigate the effects of Shanzha Xiaozhi capsule on body weight, metabolic index, percentage and distribution of body fat in obese patients with dampness-heat constitution. Methods A total of 60 obesity patients with dampness-heat constitution were enrolled in this study and randomly categorized into the control group ( n=30) and treatment group (n=30). Control group was given the diet and exercise regime, and treatment group was given Shanzha Xiaozhi capsule based on the same diet and exercise regime for 12 weeks. Scores of dampness-heat, body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, serum lipid profile, urine acid (UA), fasting plasma insulin, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, adiponectin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), percentage and distribution of body fat were measured before and after treatment. Results (1) Data of scores of dampness-heat and diastolic blood pressure were significantly decreased after treatment in drug group. The above indexes and hip circumference were significantly decreased after the treatment in treatment group compared with those of control group ( P<0.05). (2) The triglyceride (TG), UA, insulin, HOMA-IR, LPS and IL-1βwere significantly decreased after the treatment in treatment group than those of control group, while there were no significant differences in fast blood glucose (FBG), 2 h postprandial plasma glucose (2 hPG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), TNF-α, IL-6 and adiponectin between two groups. (3) The percentage of visceral fat was significantly decreased in treatment group than that of control group. There were no significant differences in fat changes of limbs and buttocks between two groups. Conclusion Shanzha Xiaozhi capsule can decrease body weight and visceral fat content, reduce insulin resistance, and improve chronic inflammation state in obese patients with dampness- heat constitution.

Objective To investigate the effect of Shanzha Xiaozhi Capsules (SXC) on body weight, metabolic indexes, body fat accumulation and distribution of obesity patients with phlegm-dampness constitution. Methods Fifty obesity patients with phlegm-dampness constitution were randomized into control group and medicine group, 25 cases in each group. The control group was given lifestyle instructions for diet and exercises, and the medicine group was treated with SXC orally besides the instructions for lifestyle. The treatment for both groups covered 12 weeks. Before and after treatment, we observed the outcomes including scores of phlegm-dampness, body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, serum lipid profile, urine acid, body fat accumulation and distribution, and visceral fat accumulation. Results(1) The scores of phlegm-dampness were decreased significantly in both groups after treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the decrease was obvious in the medicine group(P<0.01).(2) Body weight and BMI were decreased significantly in both groups after treatment(P<0.01), and the decrease was obvious in the medicine group(P<0.05). Waist circumference was decreased significantly in the medicine group(P <0.05) but stayed unchanged in the control group(P>0.05). Hip circumference was decreased significantly in both groups(P <0.05 or P<0.01) , but the difference between the two groups was insignificant(P>0.05).(3) Systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were decreased significantly in both groups (P<0.01). But the difference of blood pressure decrease between the two groups was insignificant(P > 0.05).(4) Fasting blood glucose, 2-hour blood glucose after oral glucose tolerance test, serum lipid profile and urine acid remained unchanged in both groups after treatment (P>0.05). (5) The general body fat accumulation of both groups was decreased significantly after treatment (P <0.05 or P<0.01), and the decrease was obvious in the medicine group(P<0.01). Body fat accumulation in legs, trunk and gynoid region were decreased significantly in both groups after treatment(P<0.05 or P<0.01), but the difference of fat accumulation decrease between the two groups was insignificant(P>0.05). Waist fat accumulation had no significant decrease in the control group (P > 0 . 05), but was decreased in the medicine group (P<0.01). Visceral fat accumulation was decreased significantly in both groups after treatment(P<0.01), and the decrease was obvious in the medicine group (P<0.01). Conclusion In addition to its contribution to body weight loss, SXC also contribute to the reduction of visceral fat accumulation in obesity patients with phlegm-dampness constitution .

OBJECTIVETo provide an easy computational tool for evaluating the health condition of local residents.

METHODSAn abridged life table was programmed by applying mathematical functions and formula in Excel program and tested with the real study data to evaluate the results computed.

RESULTSThe Excel was capable of computing group death probability of age in the life table ((n)q(x)), number of survivors (l(x)), number of death ((n)d(x)), survival per person-year ((n)L(x)), survival total per person-year (T(x)) and life expectancy (e(x)). The calculated results were consistent with those by SAS.

CONCLUSIONThe abridged life table constructed using Microsoft Excel can conveniently and accurately calculate the relevant indices for evaluating the health condition of the residents.

Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Life Tables ; Software

Objective To understand the primary structure and potential antigenic epitopes of antigen Pf332(Ag332) of P.falciparum iso late FCC1/HN.Methods　Based on the published Pf332 gene sequence , nine pairs of primers were designed for the PCR amplification of the Pf332 gen e fragments from genomic DNA of P.falciparum isolate FCC1/HN. The amplified gene fragments were subcloned into pMD-18T vectors and sequenced. The sequences were aligned using DNAstar software to obtain the full-length sequence of the gene Pf332. The primary structure and sequence homology of Ag332 were analyzed by SAPS, Tmpred, SingalP and Blastn programs. Three fragments, R0, R1 and R2, cor responding to nt#9595-10083, nt#10339-10767 and nt#10855-11247 of Pf332 gene were subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3-S separately. The Balb/c mice were immunized with pcDNA3-S-R0, pcDNA3-S-R1 and pcDNA3- S-R2 separately, and the expressions of the recombinant proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry assay. The protective immune responses elicited by DNA I mmunization were analyzed by ELISA and parasite growth inhibition tests in vitro .Results　Nine Pf332 gene fragments were specifically amplif ied, subcloned into pMD-18T vectors and sequenced. Pf332 gene of the P.falci parum isolate FCC1/HN was 16,377 bp in length, encoding a protein of 5,458 ami no acids, about 615.28kDa. The Ag332 contains 17 regions of highly degenerated Glu-rich repeats, with 30.18% Glu in total amino acids of Ag332. Ag332 of P.falciparum isolate FCC1/HN and 3D7 exhibited 94.55 % homology in amino acid residues. The results of immunohischemistry assay showed that R0, R1 and R2 were expressed in mice muscle tissue. The amount of IgG antibody of the groups immu nized with pcDNA3-S-R0, pcDNA3-S-R1 and pcDNA3-S-R2 were higher than those of blank and pcDNA3 groups (P＜0.05). The result of parasite growth inhibition test showed that the immunized sera at 1∶5 dilution of groups of pcDNA3-S-R0, pcDNA3-S-R1 and pcDNA3-S-R2 had an incomplete inhibitor y effect on P.falciparum growth. Conclusion　The antigen Pf332 is an large protein containing highly degenerated Glu-rich repeats. Pf332 gene fragments, R1 and R2 encoding potent antigenic epitope repeats.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the susceptibility of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to oral infection with bat Japanese encephalitis virus isolates (GD1 and HN2 strains).

METHODSAedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were infected orally by GD1 and HN2 strains of bat Japanese encephalitis virus. TaqMan real-time PCR was used to detect the virus and monitor the changes in the viral loads in Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus at a 2-day interval, starting from 4 days till 20 days after the infection.

RESULTSThe infected Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were found positive for the Japanese encephalitis virus from day 4 to day 20. Both Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were susceptible to infection by GD1 and HN2 strains, but the latter showed a greater susceptibility. The HN2 strain virus appeared to have a greater virulence than the GD1 strain.

CONCLUSIONAedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus can carry GD1 and HN2 strains of bat Japanese encephalitis virus isolates.

Aedes ; virology ; Animals ; Chiroptera ; virology ; Culex ; virology ; Disease Susceptibility ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; isolation & purification