Among 200 cadavers (82 adults, 55 children and 63 newborn) 26 cases of the musculus sternalis (8 adults, 6 children and 12 newborn) were noted, of which 13 appeared on one side (4 left, 9 right) and the rest on both sides of the sternum. The percentage was higher in children (10.9%) as com- pared with adult (9.7%) and still higher in the newborn (19%). The aver- age finding was 13%, which was higher than that in Europeans and about the sams as found in Japanese. The nerve supply to this muscle was from the anterior thoracic in 13 cases and from the intercostal in two. This tallied with the findings of the other authors. In the majority of cases this muscle ran parallel to the sternum with the exception of two which crossed the sternum. The ratio between the size of the muscle and that of the chest was found greater in the newborn than either in adults or in children. Besides, from 5 anencephalic foetus 3 cases of the musculus sternalis were found, an incidence of 60%. The muscle found in these cases was in- nervated largely by the anterior thoracic nerve, except the left side of one case in which the nerve supply could not be traced. It appeared that the musculus sternalis occasionally found in man was probably the remnant of the panniculus carnosus.

In fifteen human fetuses spcimens the peritoneal stomata were studied with SEM and TEM, and measured by image processing system. In order to prove that the peritoneal stomata are the passageway of absorbed matter from the peritoneal cavity, animal experiments were made. There are two types of the mesothelial cells on diaphragmatic peritoneum, i. e. the cuboidal cells and the flattened cells. The peritoneal stomata, which arranged in clusters or strips, were only found between the cuboidal cells. The shape and size of the stomata were often irregular. The average area of the stoma on the muscular portion is 10.43?1.61?m~2, while on the tendinous portion is 7.93?1.67?m~2. The connective tissue underlies below the stomata, under which no basement membrane was found. Many lymphatic capillaries were observed in the connective tissue, which may promote absorption of matter from the peritoneal cavity. In animal experiments, some particles of trypan blue were absorbed through the stomata of rabbit diaphragmatic peritoneum. The authors consider that the stomata, are first observed in human, are important pathway for draining matter from the peritoneal cavity.

By transmission electron microscopy and freeze etching technique 15 human fetuses were utilized to study the ultrastructure of the mesothelial cells on the parietal peritoneum. The mesothelial cells of the diaphragmatic peritoneum contained numerous vesicles which were frequently communicated with the free surface, the basement membrane, intercellular space and the peritoneal stomata. Some of the vesicles seemed to fuse each other and form vacuoles. Vacuoles also occurred close to, or communicated with the basement membrane and cell free surface. Sometimes they appeared as secretory particles. The microvilli contained vesicles opened to the free surface. The mesothelial cells on the pelvic wall displayed abundant endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, but scanty vesicles. So, the mesothelial cells on parietal peritoneum of human fetuses might be classified into two types, i. e. the vesiclecontaining cells on the diaphragmatic peritoneum and the ER-containing cells on the peritoneum of the pelvic wall. The vesicle-containing cells seemed to uptake material from the peritoneal cavity. Abundant endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus reflected a high synthetic activity, hence the ER-containing cells might be possibly related to the production of peritoneal fluid.

The number, size, direction and position of the nutrient foramina were investigated in a total of 351 dry cervical vertebral arches of human adults. The position of the nutrient foramina is on the external and internal aspect of the arch and is more or less located in a fixed area, but the exact spot varies considerably. One foramen is more frequent on either aspect. The average diameters of the foramina on the external and internal aspect are 0.34 mm and0.26 mm respectively. The foramina on the external aspect are directed towards the pediele and those of the internal aspect backward.A total of 120 vertebral arches (except the atlas) in 20 fresh cadavers of different ages were used to demonstrate the nutrient arteries by dissection and translucent preparation. All nutrient arteries entering the foramina on the external aspectarise from the deep cervical artery and those of the internal aspect from spinal branches of the vertebral artery. After penetrating the arches, they divide into anterior and posterior branches. The former then subdivides into several branches leading to the pedicle, transverse process, upper and lower articular process, whereas the latter branches off into the lamina and spinal process. The course and distribution of the intraosseous arteries have close relation with the ossification of the arch.Small periosteal arteries penetrate the arch from the external aspect only and have not been found on the vertebral canal side except in the new borns.

Among 150 Chinese forearms dissected, an accessory tendon or tendons in the abductor pollieis longus muscle were found in 140 sides (93.3%), while in the rest (6.7%) the anomaly did not exist. In these 140 forearms, one accessory tendon was found in 97 (64.7%)and in the remaining 43 (28.7%) two accessory tendons were present. As regards the extensor pol- licis brevis muscle, one accessory tendon was found in only two cases (1.3%) in the whole series. It was noted that the two tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis pass through the same osteofibrous canal in 59 (39.4%), through two completely separated osteofibrous canals in 12 (8%), and in 79 out of the 150 forearms dissected. The two osteofibrous canals were partially separated as follows: in 32 (21.3%), the distal half only was separated by a thick fibrous band while in the other 47 (31.3%) only the distal third or even less was separated. The insertions of the main tendon and accessory tendons of the abductor pollicis longus muscle was even more extensive and complicated. Only in 3 cases the insertion could be regarded as normal, in the other 147 (98%), the insertion was either into the base of the 1st metacarpal bone, the abductor pollicis brevis muscle, the capsule of the 1st carpo-metacarpal joint, the greater multangular bone, the opponens pollicis muscle, the fascia over the thenar eminence or the navicular bone. The implications of the variations were discussed.

The arterial supply of the human odontoid process was studied in 48 cadavers of different ages by dissection, clearing, and radiologic methods. The results were as follows:1. The odontoid process obtains its blood supply directly from the anterior and posterior ascending arteries arising from the vertebral artery and indirectly from the horizontal arteries arising from the ascending pharyngeal artery. Around the odontoid process these arteries form a peculiar anastomosis, the upper part of which is called the apical arch.2. There are two groups of nutrient arteries, the basal and the apical nutrient arteries, in the odontoid process. The basal nutrient arteries penetrate into the process at the base through the anterolateral aspect and the central part of the posterior aspect, mostly 1 branch (81.94?3.21％) from either side. The apical nutrient arteries enter it at the apex, and are usually divided into 2 branches (69.44?7.68％). The outer diameters of the basal nutrient arteries in the new horns, the children, and the adults are 0.09～0.15mm, 0.16～0.19mm, 0.24～0.29 mm, and those of the apical nutrient arteries are 0.03～0.06mm, 0.06～0.10mm, and 0.10～0.14 mm respectively.3. The pattern of arterial distribution within the odontoid process varies with the age. In subjects under twelve years the apex of the process has not yet ossified completely, and no anastomosis can be found between the arteries at the base and those at the apex. In adults ossification has been completed. The intraosseous arteries connect with each other and form an anastomosis network, which is most abundant at the base.

The arterial supply of the human sacrum and coccyx was studied on 56 fresh. cadavers of different ages by dissection, clearing, casting and radiography.All sacrums receive their blood supply from the lateral sacral arteries, the median sacral artery, the iliolumbar arteries and the fifth lumbar arteries. The median sacral artery, the lateral sacral arteries and their branches anastomose with each other and form the lattice anastomosis on the ventral surface of the sacrum.The anterior spinal canal branch bifurcates into an ascending and a descending branches. The former passes upwards to join the descending branch from the anterior spinal canal branch above it, they also anastomose with their contralateral counterparts, thus forming a rhombic system notable for its regularity.The posterior spinal canal branch also divides into an ascending and a descending branches and they join each other to dispose in a ladder anastomosis on the ventral surface of the laminae.The dorsal branch gives off three main sets of branches: the lateral, the medial and the muscular. The medial and the lateral branches both subdivide into an ascending and a descending branches and they anastomose with each other on the dorsal aspect of the sacrum.On the ventral surface, the coccyx obtains arterial supply from the median sacral artery and the lateral sacral arteries, while its dorsal surface mainly receives blood supply of the lateral sacral artery. Anastomosis has been found scarce on the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the coccyx.

The arterial supply of human cervical vertebral bodies (C_3-C_7) was studied in 74 fresh cadavers of different ages by dissection and translucent preparation.1. The cervical vertebral bodies mainly obtain their blood supply from the vertebral artery, but the lower two (C_6-C_7) also receive their blood supply from the branches of the inferior thyroid, the deep cervical, the costocervical trunk, the highest intercostal and the subclavian artery. These arteries form a ladder-like anastomosis on the anterolateral surface of the vertebral bodies, and a rectangular or hexagonal anastomosis on the dorsal surface.2. The nutrient arteries enter the vertebral body from the anterolateral and dorsal aspects. They can be divided into the central branches which reach the center of the body and the peripheral ones which lie on the peripheral part of the body. Each of the central branches appears as a straight, unbranching stem. Their centrifugal terminals at the center of the body are arborized and extend to the upper, lower, left and right part of the body to supply the central core of the vertebral body which corresponds to the area of the nucleus pulposus. The peripheral branches, short and early branched, supply the peripheral part of the vertebral body which corresponds to the area of the annulus fibrous.3. The number of the central branches on the anterolateral aspect varies between 0-3 and that on the dorsal aspect is 0-2. The number of the peripheral branches on the anterolateral aspect is 2-13 and that on the dorsal aspect is 0-6. These branches anastomose with each other within the body of the vertebra. The end artery only appears in the developing cartilaginous regions of the body.

The arterial supply of the human sacrum and coccyx was studied in 68 fresh cadavers of different ages by dissection, clearing, casting and radiography.The nutrient arteries of the sacral vertebrae penetrate the body from the dorsal, ventral and lateral surfaces of the body. The central branches are the main nutrient arteries of the body. Their numbers are constant and do not increase with the advancement of age. The peripheral branches are variable and supply only the outer collar of the body. According to the distribution of nutrient artery within the body of the sacrum, they can be classified into three types 1. predominant ventral nutrient artery pattern, 2. predominant dorsal nutrient artery pattern and 3. balanced nutrient artery pattern. It is found that in S_4 and S_5, type 1 occurs more frequently while type 2 occurs usually in S_1 to S_3. Type 1 is relatively common in adults but type 2 is prevailing in fetuses. There is few balanced pattern in different age groups. Both ventral and dorsal nutrient arteries are distributed in the central zone of the body and the lateral nutrient arteries supply that portion near the intervertebral foramen in the adults. The nutrient arteries within body anastomose with each other to form a dense arterial network.The nutrient arteries of the lateral part of the sacrum enter the bone through its ventral, dorsal and medial aspects. Among the dorsal nutrient arteries, there is a main artery that supplies the lateral mass.The arterial supply to the coccyx is scarce. It enters the coccyx mainly through the ventral surface.

Among a total of 276 upper extremities dissected it was found that 38 (13.7%) of the cases showed variations in the origin and course of the main arterial channels in brachium and antebrachium. In the 138 cadavers the arterial variations appeared bilaterally in 5 bodies (3.62%) and unilaterally in the other 28 bodies (20.29%). The anomalous arteries occurred more often on the right (22, 7.96%) than on the left (16, 5.80%). The patterns of variation encountered were grouped as follows: 1. Anomalous radial artery (1) High originated radial artery in 17 (6.16%) extremities (right 11, left 6). (2) Unusual duplication of the termination of the radial artery in 3 (1.13%)extremities (right 2, left 1). 2. Superficial ulnar artery According to the site of origin above or below the intercondylar line the arteries were divided into two groups: (1) Highly originated superficial ulnar artery in 7 (2.53%)—right 4, left 3. (2) Lowly originated superficial ulnar artery in 5 (1.81%)—right 3, left 2. 3. Superficial median artery and large calibered median artery were found in 6 extremities. The bifurcation of brachial artery into radial and ulnar arteries in 140 sides of male adults was mostly (82.14%) below the intercondylar line with a range from 2.6 cm. to 4.0 cm. The surgical significance of several of the striking variations was discussed.