Objective　To study the relationship between smoking and oxygen free radicals (OFR) , activities of antioxidases.Methods Concentration of serum lipoperoxides(LPO) and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) ,glutathioneperoxides(GSH-PX) in 216 healthy smoker and 155 healthy non-smoker were performed.Results The smoker group: the averageLPO concentration was 5.87±1.23, the average SOD activity was 88.24±11.96, the average GSH-PX activity was 176.87±23.31;the non-smoker group:The average LPO concentration was 4.24±0.76, the average SOD activity was 106.18±16.04, the average GSH-PX activity was 206.32±50.25.The average LPO concentration of the smoker group was significantly higher than that in the non-smoker group (P<0.01) ; the average SOD GSH-PX activity of the smoker group were significantly lower than those of the non-smoker group (P<0.01) .The LPO concentration in 50 male smokers(39～45years of age)increased, while SOD and GSH-PX activity decreased as the duration and amount of smoking increased (P<0.01) , showing a linear correlationship.Conclusion The results suggest that smoking is one of the important factors causing, not only OFR and reaction of LPO obviously intensified,but also the imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation in the body.

Aim To explore the effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) induced delayed preconditioning (PC) on hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury of cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), and to investigate the potential role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) participated in the protective mechanism. Methods HCAECs were incubated for 2 h in a hypoxic atmosphere and reoxygenated for 4 h in a normoxic atmosphere. The delayed PC was induced by pretreatment with LTA assessed by the percentage of cellular injury with Trypan blue exclusion and by the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in culture media. The NO level of the culture media was measured detect the expression of eNOS mRNA by RT-PCR method after cells were recovered from different points.Results LTA pretreatment significantly decreased the percentage of the killed cell and the concentration of LDH in media. Also, LTA pretreatment obviously raised the concentrations of NO in culture media. The protective effects of LTA were abrogated by pretreatment with N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA).Moreover, the expression of eNOS mRNA was significantly upregulated after HCAECs exposure to LTA for 4 h following 2 h or 4 h recovery. Conclusion LTA could induce the delayed protection against H/R induced endothelial injury and dysfunction of cultured HCAECs. NO produced by eNOS acts initially as a trigger and subsequently as a mediator of delayed PC.

AIM: To study the potential effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced delayed preconditioning (PC) on cardioplegic arrest/reperfusion injury in donor rat heart. METHODS: The rats were pretreated with LTA (1 mg/kg, ip) 24 h before the experiment, and the isolated hearts were subjected to arrested by cardioplegic solution and stored in Eurocollin's solution for 4 h by the Langendorff method, and to evaluate the changes of cardiac function at the reperfusion for 30 min and 60 min, to measure the amounts of MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total nitric oxide (NO) oxidation products in the coronary effluent, and to detect myocardial apoptosis on tissue samples of left ventricle at the end of reperfusion by TUNEL staining. RESULTS: Pretreated with LTA significantly improved the recovery of cardiac function with a significant increase in coronary flow (CF), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), maximal rate of left ventricular developed pressure (+dp/dt_ max), and minimal rate of left ventricular decline pressure (-dp/dt_ max) at 30 min and 60 min of reperfusion (all P

With the deepening of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the method of quantification and standardization of TCM (i.e., quantitative characterization of TCM) has been more and more widely accepted by researchers. Chemometrics processes complicated data of TCM through applied mathematics, statistics and com-puter technology. And multivariable study was introduced into the quantitative characterization of TCM with great achievements. This article reviewed existed problems of quantitative characterization in TCM, the principles, char-acteristics, limitations, commonly used statistical methods and application conditions on quantitative characteriza-tion of TCM. With this review, a reference for further study of quantitative characterization of TCM was provided and a further research idea of combination with main methods of chemometrics was given.

T A R D N A-binding dom ain protein 43 (T D P-43) is a highly conserved and w idely expressed nuclear protein. N ow adays, the expression of T D P-43 can be found in m ost neurodegenerative diseases such as A lzheim er's disease, w hich m akes it becom e a neurodegenerative disease associated m arker pro-tein. From the current research status at hom eland and abroad, and around the relationship betw een the expression of T D P-43 and brain injury, this article em phatically probes into the specific expression and function of T D P-43 in acute and chronic brain injury based on the know ledge of its biological charac-teristics, w hich aim s to explore the feasibility for determ ining the cause of death and the injury and dis-ability situations by T D P-43 in forensic pathology.

Objecttve To compare the positional and volumetric differences of planning target volumes(PTVs)based on axial three-dimensional CT(3D-CT)and four-dimensional CT(4D-CT)for the primary tumor of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods Sixteen NSCLC patients with lesions located in the upper lobe and 12 patients with lesions in middle and lower lobes,totally 28 patients, initially underwent three-dimensional CT scans followed by 4D-CT scans of the thorax under normal free breathing.PTVvector was defined on gross tumor volume (GTV) contoured on 3D-CT and its motion vector. The clinical target volumes(CTVs)were created by adding 7 mm to GTVs,then, internal target volume (ITVs)were produced by enlarging CTVs isotropically based on the individually measured amount of motion in the 4D-CT,lastly,PTVs were created by adding 3 mm setup margin to ITVs. PTV4D was defined on the fusion of CTVs on all phases of the 4D data.The CTV wag generated by adding7 mm to the GTV on each phase.then,PIVs were produced by fusing CTVs on 10 phases and adding 3 mm setup margin.The position of the target center,the volume of target and the degree of inclusion(DI)were compared reciprocally between the PTVvector and the PTV 4D The difference of the position,volume and degree of inclusion of the targets between PTVvecter and PTV4D were compared,and the relevance between the relative characters of the targets and the three-dimensional vector was analyzed based on the groups of the patients. Results The median of the 3 D motion vector for the lesions in the upper lobe was 2.8 mm, significantly lower than that for the lesions in the middle and lower lobe ( 7.0 mm, z = - 3. 485, P < 0. 05 ). In the upper lobe group there was only significant spatial difference between the PTVvector and PTV4D targets in the center coordinate at the x axe (z = -2. 010, P < 0. 05 ), while in the middle and lower lobes there was only significant spatial difference between the PTVvector and PTV4D targets in the center coordinates at the z axe (z = -2. 136,P <0.05). The median of ratio of PTV4D and PTVvector, of the upper lobe group was 0. 75, significantly higher than that of the middle and lower lobes group (0. 52, z = - 2. 949, P < 0. 05 ).A significant correlation was found for the motion vector and the ratio of PTV and PTV4D in both groups ( r = - 0. 638, - 0. 850, P < 0. 05 ). For all patients, the median of D[ of PTV4D in PTVvector was 66. 39% ,while the median of DI of PTVvector, in PTV4D was 99. 55% , both showed a positive significant correlation with the motion vector (r = -0. 814,0. 613 ,P < 0. 05). Conclusions PTV4D defined based on 4D-CT simulation images is obviously less than PTV defined based on 3D-CT simulation images. The ratio and DI of both targets are related with the three-dimensional motion vector of the tumor.

Objective To compare positional and volumetric differences of internal gross tumor volume (IGTV) delineated separately by three approaches based on four-dimensional CT (4DCT) for the primary tumor of non-small cell lung cancer (NLCLC). Methods Twenty-one patients with NLCLC underwent big bore 4DCT simulation scan of the thorax. IGTVs of the primary tumor of NSCLC were tumor on the MIP images were delineated to produce IGTVMIP. The position of the target center, the volume of target, the degree of inclusion (DI) and the matching index (MI) were compared reciprocally between IGTV10, IGTVEI+EE and IGTVMIP. Results Average differences between the position of the center of IGTVs on direction of x,y and z axes were less than 1 mm, with no statistically significant difference. The volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTVEI+EE, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.37,P=0.028);the volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTVMIP, but the difference was not statistically significant(t=1.95 ,P=0.065). The ratio of IGTVEI+EE with IGTV10, IGTVMIP with IGTV10 were 0.85±0.08 and 0.92±0.11, respectively. DI of IGTVEI+EE in IGTV10, IGTVMIP in IGTV10 were 84.78% ± 8. 95% and 88.47% ±9.04%. MI between IGTV10 and IGTVEI+EE, IGTV10 and IGTVMIP were 0.85 ±0.09, 0.86±0. 09, respectively. Conclusions The center displacement of the IGTVs delineated separately by the three different techniques based on 4DCT images are not obvious; IGTVEI+EE and IGTVMIP can not replace IGTV10 , however , IGTVMIP is more close to IGTV10 comparing to IGTVEI+EE . The ratio of GTVEI+EE with IGTV10 is correlated to the tumor motion vector. As the vector increases, the ratio of GTVEI+EE with IGTV10decreases, especially for small tumors.

To investigate the feasibility of construction of engineered skin substitutes with adipose tissue derived stem cells ( ADSCs)from GFP-mouse and fibrin glue. Methods: Adipose tissues were isolated from GFP-C57BL mouse groin, the fat was cut into pieces and incubated in a collagenase solution to establish ADSCs culture. The differentiation ability into adipocytes and osteoblasts of the ADSCs were investigated. The amplified cells in vitro were seeded in fibrin glue to form tissue engineered skin substitutes. Fifteen C57BL mice were randomly divided into three groups; experimental group was treated with ADSCs-fibrin glue tissue engineered active skin substitutes. Single fibrin glue and blank were served as two control groups. The materials were grafted onto total skin defects on the back of mice. The effect of wound repair was observed histologically. Results; The cultured ADSCs grew well in vitro. The cells showed characteristics of multipotent adult stem cells. ADSCs-fibrin glue shortened the wound healing time. Histological observation showed that thicker epithelium was formed and collagen fibers arranged in order in the ADSCs-fibrin glue experimental group,the number of fibroblasts was significantly increased as compared with those in single fibrin glue group or in the blank control group. Conclusion : GFP- ADSCs combined with fibrin glue can accelerate the mouse skin wound healing. It suggests that ADSCs with fibrin glue maybe an optional method of engineered skin reconstruction for wound repair.

Objective This study aims to evaluate the changes of Cdk5 expression at the time of 3 hours to 10 days after moderate brain injury by blunt force impact in a rat model,and to demonstrate its forensic significance.Methods To establish a rat model of blunt focal brain contusion,and to observe the changes of Cdk5 expression in brain tissue at different timepoints after brain injury by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results A low expression level of Cdk5 was observed in the brain tissue of both normal and sham control groups.The expression of Cdk5 increased after 3 and 6 hours,remarkably increased at 12 hours,and reached the maximal level at 24 hours after focal brain injury.The Cdk5 level gradually decreased 3 days,5 days,7 days,and 10 days and reached the normal level 7 and 10 days after the injury,with no statistical difference (P＞0.05) compared with the normal and sham control groups.Conclusion The expression of Cdk5 increased in the peripheral area of contusion tissue after blunt brain injury in rats,showing single peak change,and dropped to normal level with the time extension.The change of Cdk5 expression may provide a new reference index for the prediction of early brain contusion.

Objective To evaluate the reliability and accuracy of three-dimensional digital fusion anatomy in the preoperative evaluation and therapeutic strategy choice of intracranial tumors.Methods MRI scan,including regular MRI,MRA,MRV and DTI,were performed in 87 case.Then tumor themselves as well as tumor-associated structures were reconstructed and fused through iPlan 2.6 software.Based on the reconstructed images,therapeutic strategy were established,preoperative and intraoperative imags were compared.Results The digital reconstruction were successfully finished in all cases.Meanwhile,digital images,originally radiological images and actual images matched well.No approach-associated complication were met in our series.Among tumors in the convexity,the relationship of the reflux veins and the tumors were divided into three types:anterior(12 cases),posterior(19 cases) and overriding(3 cases).All of the relationships were seen in the preoperative fusion image,and the veins were all effectively protected during operation.The tumor-associated arteries could be pushed or wraped by the tumors,and the three-dimensional fusion image could provided their virtually aberrant pathway as well as their relationship with tumor.During microsurgical managment of tumors in the deep brain parenchyma,safe approach were found with the help of comprehensive understanding of the tumors and their adjacent structures.Conclusion Three-dimensional digital fusion anatomy can vividly and accurately display full rang of information about the tumor,and facilitate tumor treatment safely.