Objective To study the influence of guiding herb of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae(RAB) on therapeutic effect of diclofenac sodium for rats with adjuvant arthritis(AA) and its possible mechansim,and to further explore the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes after using diclofenac sodium together with RAB.Methods Forty-five Wistar rats were equally divided into 5 groups:normal group,model group,RAB(RAB water extract 5.0 g?kg-1) group,diclofenac sodium(10 mg?kg-1) group,and the combination group.The rat model was induced by Freud's complete adjuvant.The foot edema was tested by volume method.HPLC was used to determine the diclofenac sodium concentration in foot tissue,and ELISA and radioimmunoassay method were used to determine PGE2 and IL-1?levels in vivo.Results In the combination group,the anti-inflammatory action was superior to that in diclofenac sodium group(P

Objective To investigate the effects of Kangpa bolus on behaviors, dopamine and its metabolites of striatum in animals with Parkinson' s disease (PD). Methods The mice models of muscle tremor and rigor were established to observe the antagonism of Kangpa bolus. Step-down and step-through tests were used to evaluate the effects of Kangpa bolus on learning and memory function in mice. The rat model of PD was established to observe the effects of Kangpa bolus on rotation behaviors. The contents of DA and homovanillic acid( HVA) in the injured side of striatum were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with model group(723. 1 ±79.3) s,the duration of tremor in mice shortened significantly (P < 0. 01) in Kangpa bolus high dose and middle dose group ((548.0±27.0)s,(590.9 ±28.7)s). Compared with model group(3194.5 ±251.7)s,the duration of rigor in mice shortened significantly(P<0.01) in Kangpa bolus all dose group((2300.1 ±352.5)s,(2478.2 ±276.6)s, (2559.3 ±207.6) s). In step-down test, compared with model group (3. 10 ±0.74), the number of errors decreased significantly(P<0.01) in Kangpa bolus high dose and middle dose group (1.60 ±0. 97,1. 80 ±0.63). In step-through test, compared with model group( 2.30 ± 0. 68), the number of errors decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in Kangpa bolus high dose and middle dose group(0.80 ±0.79,1.10 ±0.74). Compared with model group (340.6 ±18.8) , the number of rotations of PD rats in thirty minutes reduced significantly (P< 0.01) in Kangpa bolus high dose and middle dose group(286.5 ± 12.1,296.6 ± 12.7) after three weeks treatment. Compared with model group(9.43 ±1.79,0. 87 ±0.12) nmol/L,the contents of DA and HVA in the injured side of striatum increased significantly(P<0. 01 ) in Kangpa bolus high dose( 18. 9 ±4. 01,1. 50 ± 1. 39) nmol/L and middle dose group (17.3±3.01,1.39±0.53)nmol/L Conclusion Kangpa bolus has some therapeutic effects on the animals of PD.

Attention level evaluation refers to the evaluation of people's attention level through observation or experimental testing, and its research results have great application value in education and teaching, intelligent driving, medical health and other fields. With its objective reliability and security, electroencephalogram signals have become one of the most important technical means to analyze and express attention level. At present, there is little review literature that comprehensively summarize the application of electroencephalogram signals in the field of attention evaluation. To this end, this paper first summarizes the research progress on attention evaluation; then the important methods for electroencephalogram attention evaluation are analyzed, including data preprocessing, feature extraction and selection, attention evaluation methods, etc.; finally, the shortcomings of the current development in the field of electroencephalogram attention evaluation are discussed, and the future development trend is prospected, to provide research references for researchers in related fields.
Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Electroencephalography

Objective To investigate the clinic effectiveness of self-managing on stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods 60 stable COPD patients were divided into the experiment group and control group according to their compliance to the management. The compliant patients (experiment group) received the rehabilitation education. They were assessed with the St. George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) before and a year after treatment. Results After treatment, the scores of activity restriction and the total score of SGRQ in the experiment group improved more than that in the control (P<0.05). Conclusion Self-management is important for improving quality of life in stable COPD.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of four closure techniques ,large incision with plastic distal at‐tachment and clip with suction ,1 .1 cm small incision with plastic distal attachment and clip with suction in natural orifice translu‐minal endoscopic surgery(NOTES) .Methods Forty‐one ex vivo porcine stomachs were involved in this research .According to the size of incision and different methods of incision closure ,all ex vivo porcine stomachs were divided into four groups .Group A in‐volved 8 ex vivo porcine stomachs ,their size of incision were 1 .2-2 .0 cm ,and their incisions were closured by a clip closure direct‐ly ;group B involved 10 ex vivo porcine stomachs ,their size of incision were 1 .2-2 .0 cm ,and their incisions were closed by plastic end attachment with suction and clip enclosure technique;group C involved 10 ex vivo porcine stomachs ,their size of incision were smaller than 1 .1 cm ,and their incisions were by a clip closure directly ;group D involved 13 ex vivo porcine stomachs ,their size of incision were smaller than 1 .1 cm ,and closured by plastic end attachment with suction and clip enclosure technique .Stomach leaks were evaluated by leaking studies after the procedure .Results In group A ,1 incision was closed successfully ,7 incisions were clo‐sured unsuccessfully ;in group B ,2 incisions were closed successfully ,8 incisions were closed unsuccessfully ;in group C ,2 incisions were closed successfully ,8 incisions were closured unsuccessfully ;in group D ,11 incisions were closed successfully ,2 incisions were Closured unsuccessfully .Fisher′s exact test showed that group D was significantly related to the success of incision closure .The were significant differences between group A and D ,group B and group D(P<0 .05) .Conclusion Small incision(smaller than 1 cm) and plastic end attachment with suction and clip enclosure technique are optimal in NOTES procedure in this ex vivo porcine stomachs study .

Objective The optimal access for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery is still uncertain .This study was designed to compare the practicability and maneuverability of transgastric ,transunmbilical ,and transrectal approach in abdominal surgery in a canine model .Methods Three dogs were used in this research .Three approach :trangastric ,transunmbilical and tran-srectal approach were carried out for abdominal exploration ,liver biopsy ,bladder biopsy and an attempted cholecystectomy .The ma-neuverability ,endoscopic image ,performer′s perception ,and spatial orientation were evaluated .Results The maneuverability of trangastric ,and transrectal approach NOTES were better than transunmbilical NOTES .Abdominal exploration ,live biopsy ,and bladder biopsy were completed successfully .The cholecystectomy was failed because of poor exposure and difficulty of separating the around tissure .Conclusion The optimal approach for upper abdomen NOTES is transrectal route .For lower abdomen NOTES , the trangastric approach is superior to other accesses .Further study is needed to develop more flexible and precise equipment for NOTES and to evaluate more feasible access approach .

OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to compare attitudes toward medication and associated factors for patients with schizophrenia in Japan and China.

METHODSAge-group matched samples were drawn from outpatients in Tokyo (N = 76) and Beijing (N = 76) according to the same inclusion/exclusion criteria. Psychotropic prescription and attitudes toward medication were measured using Drug Attitude Inventory-30 (DAI-30) and an original questionnaire regarding beliefs about psychiatric medication. Stepwise regression analysis of the DAI-30 data was performed for each group.

RESULTSJapanese subjects were prescribed significantly larger amounts of antipsychotics. Polypharmacy of antipsychotics and concurrent use of anticholinergics, anxiolytics, or hypnotics were more frequently found among subjects in Tokyo than among those in Beijing. However, subjects in Tokyo and Beijing had similar subjective responses to medication, subjective evaluation of side-effects, and complaints about overuse of psychotropics. Subjects in Tokyo complained less about physician's over-reliance on medication and were less concerned about medication cost than those in Beijing. In Tokyo, longer duration of illness and lower subjective distress caused by side effects predicted a more positive subjective response, while female gender, younger age, and lower Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score were independently correlated with a better subjective response in Beijing.

CONCLUSIONSSubjective acceptance of multiple medications is greater for patients in Japan than those in China. Determinants of subjective response to medication varied between Japan and China.

BACKGROUND: Patients with N2 stage non-small cell lung cancer have prognostic heterogeneity, and this study attempted to explore the prognostic factors among those patients. METHODS: Patients with N2 stage undergoing radical resection in Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China hospital, Sichuan University between January 2007 and December 2016 were included. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to explore the prognostic value of clinicopathological features. Survival curves were plotted by Kaplan-Meier method. Subgroup analyses considering the situation of lymph node involvement were performed. RESULTS: In total, 773 patients were included. The median follow-up time was 57.2 months, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 34.8%. Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, number of involved lymph node stations, skip metastasis, lymphatic or vascular invasion and adjuvant chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors. The patients with stage T1-3 had similar prognosis, while the patients with stage T4 had worse survival. In addition, the patients with single station involvement and skip metastasis had the best prognosis with a 5-years overall survival rate of 48.9%. CONCLUSIONS T4 stage patients had worse survival in N2 group. To get a more precisely stratification, skip metastasis and number of involved lymph node stations should be considered in future N stage classification.

BACKGROUND:Based on the concept of the combination of medicine and industry and the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine treatment,the construction of a new composite material loaded with the effective active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine is a hot research spot in the repair of spinal cord injury,and is expected to become an effective means to solve this problem. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of supramolecular conducting hydrogel carrying ligustrazine in repairing spinal cord injury in rats. METHODS:The supramolecular conducting hydrogel carrying ligustrazine was prepared and its microstructure,conductivity,rheology,swelling rate and in vitro release performance were characterized.45 SD rats were divided into 3 groups by random number table method,with 15 rats in each group:no spinal cord injury in the sham operation group;spinal cord injury model was established in the model group;and supramolecular conducting hydrogel carrying ligustrazine was injected into the spinal cord injury area after model establishment in hydrogel group.BBB score was used to evaluate the recovery of hind limb motor function of each group before and 1,7,14,21 and 28 days after modeling,respectively.28 days after the model establishment,the spinal cord tissues were collected and analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining,immunohistochemical staining and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Under scanning electron microscopy,the supramolecular conducting hydrogel with ligustrazine displayed a three-dimensional micrometer-scale porous network structure with high porosity and a pore size of approximately 100 μm.The conductivity of the hydrogel was 7.66 S/m;the swelling rate was 3 764.42%,and it had certain mechanical stability and injection property.In vitro sustained release experiments demonstrated that the supramolecular conducting hydrogel with ligustrazine sustainably released ligustrazine for more than 800 hours.With the extension of time,the cumulative release of ligustrazine exhibited an increasing trend.(2)With the extension of modeling time,the hind limb motor function gradually recovered in the model group and the hydrogel group,and the hind limb motor function of the hydrogel group was better than that of the model group on 14,21,and 28 days after modeling(P<0.05).Hematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrated that the spinal cord tissue of the model group had cavities and a large number of inflammatory cells could be seen at the stump.In the hydrogel group,some inflammatory cells were infiltrated in the injured area of the spinal cord;the void area of the injured area was reduced;neuron cells appeared in the junction area,and the tissue arrangement was relatively neat.Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assay exhibited that the expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 protein in the rat spinal cord of the hydrogel group was lower than that in the model group(P<0.05),and the expression of neuronal nuclear antigen protein was higher than that in the model group(P<0.05).(3)These findings confirm that the supramolecular conducting hydrogel carrying ligustrazine can promote the repair of spinal cord injury.