The present study was undertaken to identify some afferent connections of the ventral and dorsal parts of pontine tegmentum in guinea pigs by using horseradish peroxidase retrograde microelectrophoretic technique.After introducing HRP into the ventral part of pontine tegmentum, numerous labeled cells were observed in the mesencephalic central gray and related reticular formation, which is equivalent to the MSR (Mesencephalic Stepping Region) ventral to the surface of the superior colliculus. Labeled cells could also be identified at the following sites: nucleus cuneiformis ventral to the surface of inferior colliculus, nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, nucleus medialis vestibulares, nucleus lateralis vestibulares, nucleus loci coerulei and its ventral part, gray matter of the cervical enlargement of spinal cord.Following injection of HRP into the dorsal part of pontine tegmentum, substantial amount of labeled cells were observed in the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis Labeled cells gould also be identi- fied in the nucleus medialis vestibulares, nucleus lateralis vestibulares and nucleus cuneatus. Only a few HRP cells appeared around the nucleus tuber in the midbrain and no labeled cells have been seen in the nucleus loci coerulei, as well as the gray matter of cervical spinal cord.

BACKGROUND: There are about 20 millions people suffering from mental retardation in China and about 200 thousands newborns of mental retardation are born every year. Mental retardation in children is a result of multiple factors.OBJECTIVE: To explore the popular causes of mental retardation in order to provide scientific evidence for effectively preventing mental retardation.DESIGN: An observational case study taking children with mental retardation as the subjects.SETTING: Population and family plan institute of a hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 1 336 disabled children in 6 counties of Tai' an city diagnosed by family planning authority from January 1998 to December 2001 were selected. Inclusive criteria: intelligence quotient(IQ) < 55 and met the condition of disabled children, aged over 4 years old, those whose parents requested to give birth to the second baby due to mental retardation of the first children. Exclusive criteria: Disabled children with diseases of other systems. A total of 613 disabled kids met the above standards, aged from 4 to 14 years old, including 509 boys and 104 girls with the ratio of boy to girl of 4.9 to 1.INTERVENTIONS: All the children with mental retardation were examined by professional pediatrists and experts of family planning medical appraisal and conducted IQ test by using Chinese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(C-WISC). Uniform survey was made according to all the data and processed by SPSS10. 0.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main factors caused mental retardation in kids.RESULTS: Among the 1 336 disabled kids in Tai' an city, the incidence rate of mental retardation was 45.88%. There were 112 mild cases and 501 severe cases with mental retardation among the 613 disabled kids. The component ratio of etiological classification on prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors was 36.7%, 29.85% and 13.21% respectively, and 20. 23% of them were caused by unclear reasons.CONCLUSION: It is the key mean to prevent the occurrence of mental retardation by reinforcing maternal health, improving obstetric quality, preventing acquired disease and paying attention to early education.

Objective] Making a discussion on academic features ofYi Lin Kou Pu Liu Zhi Mi Shu. [Method] With the research methods of philology, we collect Qing transcript ofYi Lin Kou Pu Liu Zhi Mi Shuand analyze its academic features. [Result]Yi Lin Kou Pu Liu Zhi Mi Shuwas additionally compiled, supplemented and annotated by Zhou Sheng, a famous doctor of the Qing Dynasty, on the base of Yi Lin Kou Pu which was composed by Lu Qi. Within four volumes, the contents of the book contain Medicine, Surgery, Gynecology, Pediatrics, etc. The diagnosis and treatment based on syndrome differentiation and Chinese herbal prescription in this book have their own characteristics. That is: theories from different schools make arguments on the facts; six treatments of syndrome lucidly expose the essential points; secret prescriptions and Chinese herbs are widely collected; opinions and knowledge from his teacher grasp the essence of the problem and bring out the crucial point. [Conclusion]Yi Lin Kou Pu Liu Zhi Mi Shu is a distinctive and only existing medical book with high academic value and practical significance.

BACKGROUND:Over the past 10 years, scholars have proposed the tubular stomach as an alternative to the whole stomach for digestive tract reconstruction; however, its occurrence rate of postoperative complications has been controversial. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of tubular stomach versus whole stomach for digestive tract reconstruction in the resection of esophageal carcinoma. METHODS: The randomized controled trials about tubular stomach for digestive tract reconstruction in the resection of esophageal carcinoma were searched from PubMed, OVID, CNKI, EBSCO, Science online, Wangfang, Super Star Digital Library, CMB, Baidu and Google search engines. Two searchers screened studies based on the included criteria strictly. Literature quality and bias risk were assessed according to the criteria of Cochrane Colaboration, GRADEprofiler3.6.1 software was used for evaluation of the quality grade, and Revman5.3 for data management and statistical analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Totaly 12 randomized controled trials including 4 137 patients were enroled. Compared with the whole stomach group, in the tubular stomach group, the incidences of reflux esophagitis and thoracic stomach syndrome were significantly lower, but there was no difference in the incidences of anastomotic leakage and anastomotic stenosis between the two groups. These findings indicate that the tubular stomach as a substitute of the whole stomach for digestive tract reconstruction in the resection of esophageal carcinoma is a safe and effective. However, the literatures included are only in English and Chinese, and there is publication bias and smal sample size. Therefore, the large-sample high-quality clinical randomized controled trials are stil needed for further confirmation.

Objective To explore the effect of family mission intervention on family function and parental self-efficacy in children with malignant tumor. Methods 58 children with malignant tumor from 4 tertiary general hospitals in Tangshan city were included. Their parents were divided into control group (n=28) and intervention group (n=30). Both groups received routine treatment and nursing, while the intervention group received family mission intervention in addition. They were evaluated with Feetham Family Functioning Survey (FFFS) and the Self-Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index-Toddler Scale (SEPTI) before and after intervention. Results After intervention, the total FFFS score (1.01±0.55), family and individual relationship score (0.79±0.64), and family and social relations score (1.21±0.92) were lower in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.05). The scores of limit/constraint (4.19±0.55), game (4.09±0.32), and education (4.17± 0.78) of SEPTI were higher in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Family mission intervention can improve the family function of children with malignant tumor, and improve the parents' self-efficacy.

To find a new method to identify Mori Cortex and its adulterants by analysis their ITS2 sequence of barcode,total genomic DNA was isolated from Mori Cortex and its adulterants. Nuclear DNA ITS2 sequences were amplified,and purified PCR products were sequenced. Sequence assembly and consensus sequence generation were performed using the CodonCode Aligner V3.0. The Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) distances were calculated us-ing software MEGA 4.0. Identification analyses were performed using BLAST1, Nearest Distance and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. The results showed the intra-specific genetic distance of Mori Cortex was 0, which were lower than inter-specific genetic distances between Mori Cortex and its closely related species (0.003-0.343). The ITS2 region is an efficient barcode for identification of Mori Cortex and its closely related species, which provides a scientific basis for fast and accurate identification and new method of Mori Cortex.

Objective To summarize the clinical manifestations and traditional Chinese syndromes of 27 patients with confirmed swine flu(H1N1 flu),and to investigate the therapeutic effect of therapy of combining cooling method with warming method for swine flu.Methods Twenty-seven patients with confirmed swine flu were enrolledinto the study.The swine flu patients were treated with Yinqiao Chaigui Decoction and Baihu Qingjie Decoction on the basis of staging diagnosis and treatment.The clinical manifestations and traditional Chinese medical syndromes of the patients were observed,and the therapeutic effect was evaluated.Results(1) Clinical manifestations: in 27 swine flu patients,fever accounted for 100%,aversion to cold accounted for 85.2%(23 cases),cough accounted for 92.6%(25 cases),expectoration accounted for 81.5%(22 cases),sore throat accounted for 77.8%(21 cases),and general soreness accounted for 74.1%(20 cases).(2) Therapeutic effect: 24(88.9%) patients were markedly effective,3(11.1%) effective,and the total effective rate was up to 100%.(3) Blood analysis: except for the white blood cell count,the differences of the other blood analysis parameters were significant(P

The transcript assembly is essential for transcriptome studies trom next-generation sequencing data. However, there are still many faults of algorithms in the present assemblers, which should be largely improved in the future. According to the requirement of reference genome or not, the transcript assembly could be classified into the genome-guided and de novo methods. The two methods have different algorithms and implementation processes. The quality of assembled transcripts depends on a large number of factors, such as the PCR amplification, sequencing techniques, assembly algorithm and genome character. Here, we reviewed the present tools of transcript assembly and various indexes for assessing the quality of assembled transcripts, which would help biologists to determine which assembler should be used in their studies.
Algorithms ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome ; Genomics ; methods ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcriptome

Objective To discuss the operational technique and clinical effect of metallic stent placement in treating malignant gastroduodenal obstruction.Methods Metallic stent placement under fluoroscopic monitoring and endoscopic direct vision was performed in 47 patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction.A total of 54 metallic stents was used.Results The procedure was successfully completed in all 47 patients.During the follow-up period,all the patients could take liquid or ordinary diet and were markedly relived of vomiting.The living quality was much improved and no serious complications occurred.Conclusion Under fluoroscopic monitoring and endoscopic direct vision,stent placement is a safe,effective,technically-simple and time-saving procedure for the treatment of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction with less sufferings to the patient.Therefore,it is definitely worth popularizing this technique in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND:Recent research has shown that the proper concentration of aspirin can increase the proliferation and osteogenic ability of MG-63 cells.OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of different concentrations of aspirin on osteoblast proliferation on the implant-cell interface under fluid shear stress.METHODS:(1) MG-63 cells were cultured in low-glucose DMEM containing 10％ fetal bovine serum and different concentrations of aspirin (0,0.023,0.046,0.0625,0.125,0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0 mmol/L) for 1-7 days.Then cell proliferation was detected using MTS method.(2) MG-63 cells were cultured on three different surfaces:glass slide,PT titanium surface and SLA titanium surface.After 3 days of culture with aspirin at a concentration of 0 or 0.5 mmol/L,the cells were subjected to fluid shear stress.MTS test was applied to estimate the proliferation of MG-63 cells at 0,0.5,1,2,4 hours after stress application.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) After 1-3 days of culture,0.023,0.046,0.5 mmol/L aspirin promoted the proliferation of MG-63 cells,while after 1-7 days of culture,1,2,4 mmol/L aspirin inhibited the proliferation of MG-63 cells.(2) Under the fluid shear stress,aspirin showed significant effects on the cell proliferation as confirmed by one-way analysis of variance (F=8.349,P=0.004),and 0.5 mmol/L aspirin inhibited the cellular proliferation of MG-63 cells.However,surface modification and stress loading time showed no significant effects on the cell proliferation (F=2.826,P=0.064;F=0.893,P=0.406).(3) Under the fluid shear stress,surface modification showed no significant effect on the cell proliferation of MG-63 cells cultured with 0.5 mmol/L aspirin (F=1.803,P=-0.171).Under the fluid shear stress,0.5 mmol/L aspirin significantly inhibited the proliferation of MG-63 cells on the glass slide (P=-0.003),while PT and SLA titanium surfaces showed on inhibitory effect on the cell proliferation (P=0.891,P=0.051).The present results demonstrate that the cell proliferation of MG-63 is related with aspirin in a concentration-dependent manner.In addition,different titanium surfaces may decrease the sensitivity of MG-63 cell proliferation to aspirin.