Objective To investigate the different effects of clozapine and risperidone on levels of blood glucose in patients with schizophrenia. Method 200 qualified cases selected from psychiatric department were divided into two groups randomly, of which 100 cases accepted the treatment with clozapine and the other 100 cases with risperidone. Blood glucose tests were used before treatment ,4 weeks after treatment and 8 weeks after treatment Results There was significantly higher blood glucose level in clozapine－ treated group than in risperidone－ treated group after 4 or 8 weeks treatment. The number of cases who had elevated blood glucose level (>6.1 mmol/L) in clozapine－ treated group was significantly more than in risperidone－ treated group. Conclusion The glucoregulatory abnormality which leads to glucose elevation in clozapine－ treated patients is greater than in risperidone－ treated patients. Additional motivation to clinical monitor for antipsychotic treatment－ related hyperglycemia is indicated.

By employing the methods of literature research and specialist consultation,comprehensively and systematically collected case history at home and abroad on Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of AIDS,by distilling the etiopathogenisis and pathogenesis,the character,the clinical stage,TCM four methods of examination,di erentiation of symptoms,the therapeutical principle and method and the e ective prescription,etc,the paper clari ed the character,pathology,etiology and pathogenesis of AIDS by the evaluation and statistic of qualitative and quantitative analysis of evidence based medicine,grasped the present situation of the treatment of AIDS with Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of AIDS,the rule of syndrome di erentiation and the facticity and application of the clinical e cacy.All these are used to the TCM handbook of AIDS diagnosis and treatment.

Objective: To explore neural correlates for the recognition of facial expression videos using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging.Methods:Thirteen right-handed healthy Chinese women underwent blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI voluntarily while recognizing happy, sad, neutral emotional faces and fixation cross videos.Results:In comparison with fixation cross, recognition of neutral faces activated the left middle frontal gyrus, the bilateral precentral gyrus, the right amygdala, the left parahippocampal gyrus, the right postcentral gyrus and the left thalamus. In comparison of neutral faces recognition, the recognition of happy faces elicited increased activation in the right medial frontal gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the middle frontal gyrus, the right anterior cingulated gyrus, the left subcallosal gyrus, the right superior occipital gyrus, the left middle occipital gyrus and the right superior temporal gyrus; while the recognition of sad faces activated the left medial frontal gyrus, the right middle frontal gyrus, the left inferior temporal gyrus and the left superior temporal gyrus.Conclusion:This study indicates that the recognition of facial expression is mediated by a distributed cortical network, and the medial frontal gyrus may be involved in discriminating different affective information, while the superior temporal gyrus may play an important role in processing the dynamic characters of face.

Research on standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is playing an important role in constructing of modernized TCM.But it is difficult to set down a diagnosis and treatment standardization of TCM and it will cost long term and arduous work.Based on clinic and scientific research in recent years,this article focuses on the standardization research of diagnosis and treatment of AIDS with TCM to discuss the content,method and some pivotal questions.

This study was aimed to explore the characteristics of urine metabolomics among HIV/AIDS patients with spleen-lung qi-deficiency. H-NMR technique was combined with principal component analysis and cluster analysis in the comparison of urine metabolic products among 24 HIV/AIDS cases with spleen-lung qi-deficiency and 20 healthy control cases. The results showed that urine metabolic products of HIV/AIDS patients with spleen-lung qi-deficiency and healthy people by H-NMR technique detection and PLS-DA analysis can classify the outline of urine metabolites. There were about 20 variables in the difference between two groups. The speculated substances contained glycyl-L-leucine, L-valine, α-aminobutyric acid, methyl succinic acid, glycine propionyl, and etc. It was concluded that H-NMR technique was able to classify the outline of urine metabolites between HIV/AIDS cases with spleen-lung qi-deficiency and healthy people. Part of the potential existed characteristic markers contributed to the clinical diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome differentiation of AIDS. It had certain effect in its quantitative analysis.

Serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) concentration was measured in 647 healthy female adults (aged 20-81 years), and was compared with that of other races. The serum OPG was positively correlated with age (r = 0.276, P <0.01). The geometric mean value of serum OPG in premenopausal women was significantly lower than those in perimenopansal and postmenopausal women. The serum OPG in middle-aged Chinese women was signifieandy higher than those in middle-aged Austrian and Icelandic, but this was quite contrary to the results obtained in old-aged women.

Objective To detect the expression of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatedextracellular-regulated kinase (P-ERK) in the hippocampus after pentylenetetrazoloe-induced status epilepsy and the effects of nimodipine on it.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley adult rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into normal control group(NC,n =35),status epilepsy group (SE,n =40),nimodipine group (NIM,n =40).The rats were injected first with 40 mg/kg pentylenetetrazoloe(PTZ),followed 10 minutes later by 20 mg/kg PTZ,and subsequently,10 mg/kg PTZ ip every 10 minutes until SE occurred,apoint charactered by a loss of postural control and tonic-clonic seizures.Rats in control group received the same number of saline injections.Rats in NIM group were injected NIM(2.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 15 min before the injection of PTZ.Rats in every group were killed at 30 minutes,1 hour,3 hours,12 hours,24 horus,72 hours and 7 days after status epilepsy respectively and the hippocampus were dissected.The expression of ERK and P-ERK in the hippocampus were detected by Western blot.Results Nimodipine attenuated the convulsion of PTZ-induced status epilepsy.There was dynamic expression of P-ERK in SE group.In NIM group,the expression of P-ERK was markedly increased than that of SE group at 30 min,1h,3h,12h,24h,72h,and 7d (3.26 ±0.95 vs 2.56 ±0.82 at 30 min,P＜0.05).Conclusion Nimodipine attenuates the convulsion of PTZ-induced status epilepsy with increased expression of phosphated-ERK in the hippocampus of rats.

Objective To investigate the expression of PED/PEA-15 mRNA and protein in esophageal carcinoma tissue and their clinical significances.Methods The expression of PED/PEA-15 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR,and the expression of PED/PEA-15 protein was measured by immunohistochemistry in 50 cases of esophageal carcinoma,50 cases of corresponding paracarcinoma tissue,and 50 cases of corresponding normal esophageal tissue.Results The expression of PED/PEA-15 mRNA was 1.14±0.49 in esophageal carcinoma,which was significantly higher than that in para-carcinoma tissue (0.59±0.31) and normal esophageal carcinoma tissue (0.53±0.22) (F =44.085,P ＜ 0.001).The immunohistochemistry results showed that PED/PEA-15 protein expression was significantly higher than that in para-carcinoma tissue and normal esophageal tissue (x2 =36.967,P ＜ 0.001; x2 =26.272,P ＜ 0.001).The expression of PED/PEA-15 mRNA and protein were significantly associated with pathological grade,clinical stage of esophageal carcinoma (P ＜ 0.05),but were not significantly correlated to the age of onset,gender,pathological types (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The expression of PED/PEA-15 mRNA and protein are increased in esophageal carcinoma,which may play an important role in the occurrence and development of esophageal carcinoma.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of a new low-dose oral contraceptive pill (YAZ) containing drospirenone 3 mg and ethinylestradiol 20 μg with placebo in reducing symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Methods This multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial consisted of 2 run-in and 3 treatment cycles (84 days) with daily symptom charting; 187 women with symptoms of PMDD were randomized to either placebo group (n=94) or YAZ group (n=93), and assessed with daily record of severity of problems scale (DRSP) and clinical global impressions scale (CGI) before, during and after the treatments. Hormones were administered for 24 days, followed by 4 days of inactive pills. Results Compared with baseline level of DRSP, both groups got improvement after treatment; the YAZ group (median-28.7, range:-82.5 to 2.3) had greater improvement than that in the placebo group (median-23.7, range:-86.0 to 11.8), while there was not significant difference (P>0.05). The main adverse effects of YAZ included intermenstrual bleeding [13% (12/93) versus 3% (3/94)], menorrhagia [9% (8/93) versus 1%(1/94)], nausea [5%(5/93) versus 4%(4/94)] and skin rash [4%(4/93) versus 2%(2/94)]. Conclusions YAZ could improve symptoms of PMDD better than placebo, while without statistic significance in this study. The most common adverse effects are intermenstrual bleeding, menorrhagia, nausea and rash.

Objective: To investigate the brain function and their correlation with sleep beliefs and attitudes in adolescents with drug naive insomnia by using fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation, so as to provide a reference for the mechanism and treatment of insomnia. Methods: An insomnia group ( n =21) recruited first episode, drug naive, adolescents with insomnia who met the diagnostic criteria of the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-V). Healthy subjects matched with age, gender, and educational background were selected as the control group ( n =20). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale (PSQI), Brief Version of Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS-16), 24 Items Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), 14 Items Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA-14) were evaluated. Fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation was used for analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis was employed to quantify the correlation between peak values of brain regions with significant differences and the clinical scale scores of the two groups. Results: Compared with the control group, ractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation(fALFF) values in the insomnia group were significantly decreased ( P <0.01, Alphaism corrected) in the left dorsolateral prefrontal lobe (L-DLPFC, MNI coordinates: -12, 60, 21, t =-3.85, K =495) and the left precuneus (MNI coordinates: -3, -54, 51, t =-4.29, K =417). The fALFF value of L-DLPFC in the insomnia group was positively correlated with DBAS-16 score ( r= 0.47 , P = 0.04 ). Conclusion Abnormalities in the L-DLPFC region suggest that adolescents with insomnia may suffer from impaired regulation of emotional and cognitive activities related to sleep.