Objective To study the feature of clinical and pathological type of Henoch-Sch(o)nlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) in children.Methods Clinical and pathological data of HSPN in 279 children were collected and retrospectively analyzed.Results Clinical manifestation of HSPN in 279 children with haematuria and proteinuria (107 cases,38.4％) was the most common type,followed by nephritic syndrome type (69 cases,24.7％),isolated proteinuria type (40 cases,14.3％),isolated hematuria type (29 cases,10.4 ％),acute glomerulonephritis type (21 cases,9.3 ％),rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis type (8 cases,2.9％),chronic glomerulonephritis type (5 cases,1.8％).According to the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children,the majority renal pathological type of HSPN were grade Ⅱ (133 cases,47.7％)and grade Ⅲ (109 cases,39.1％).The pathological changes of hematuria and proteinuria type were mainly grade Ⅱ (61 cases,57.0％) and grade Ⅲ (35 cases,32.7％),and the pathological change of nephritic syndrome type was grade Ⅲ (41 cases,59.4％).All of renal pathological changes,38.7％ (108/279) had codeposition of immunoglobulins A and M,30.8％ (86/279) had co-deposition of immunoglobulins A,G and M.The pathological change of nephritic syndrome type was more serious (x2 =35.989,P ＜ 0.05).Immune complex deposition was not correlated with renal pathologic classification (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The HSPN patients mainly show the type of hematuria and proteinuria and the type of nephritic syndrome.The majority renal pathological type of HSPN are grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ.In children with HSPN,the severity of the clinic symptoms is not completely consistent with the pathological changes.The pathological changes of nephritic syndrome type are more serious.To improve theprognosis of HSPN,we should make the treatment planning according to the clinical types and pathologic classification.

Objectives To explore the clinical features and pathological types of childhood Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura ne-phritis (HSPN)with proteinuria. Methods Clinical and pathological data of 180 children with HSPN presenting with proteinuria were retrospectively analyzed in groups according to 24-hour urinary protein levels. Results The moderate proteinuria (57 cases, 31.7%) was the most common clinical type, followed by high-grade proteinuria (51 cases, 28.3%), mild proteinuria (46 cases, 25.6%) and microalbuminuria (26 cases, 14.4%). According to the International Study of Kidney Disease of Children , the major pathological type of HSPN are grade II (92 cases, 51.1%) and grade III (73 cases, 40.6%). The main pathological changes of moderate proteinuria were grade II (31 cases, 54.4%), and the main pathological changes of high-grade proteinuria were grade III (33 case, 64.7%). The pathological grade was progressively increased along with severity of proteinuria. The difference was statistically significant (χ2=39.54, P=0.002). The main immunopathological type was IgA+IgM (84 cases, 46.7%), followed by IgA+IgM+IgG (55 cases, 30.6%). No correlation was found among immunopathological typing, pathological typing and clinical typing (P>0.05). Conclusions The HSPN children with massive proteinuria show more severe pathological changes, but the se-verity of clinical symptoms is not completely consistent with the pathological damages.

Objective To investigate the effect of interleukin(IL)-17 on podocyte-associated factors and apoptosis in podocytes and explore the molecular mechanism.Methods The podocytes were used as the object of study.The apoptosis of podocytes induced by IL-17 in a dose（1nm/ml，10nm/ml，50nm/ml，100nm/ml） and time（12h，24h，48h，72h） way and the protein expression of Fas and FasL of podocytes induced by IL-17 were detected by flow cytometrey.The podocytes were divided into the blank control group and 100ng/ml IL-17 induction group.The expressions of mRNA of Nephrin，WT1，Synaptopodin，Podocylaxin，Fas and FasL were measured by Real-time RT PCR.The proteins of WT1，Caspases8，Caspases3 in podocyte were detected by immunocytochemistry method.Results IL-17 promoted the apopotosis of podocyte in a dose and time way（P<0.01），and increased the expression of Fas，Caspase 8 and Caspase 3 in podocyte（P<0.01）.IL-17 decreased the expression ofPodocylaxin （P<0.05），but had no effect on Nephrin，WT1，Synaptopodin，and FasL in podocyte（P＞0.05）.Conclusion IL-17 may causerenal injure by inducing the apoptosis of podocyte and decreasing the expression of Podocylaxin in podocyte.

Objective Through investigating the clinical and laboratory characteristics of Kawasaki disease (KD) in infants younger than 12 months in order to improve the accuracy of early diagnosis of KD and decrease the risk of coronary artery lesion (CAL).Methods Clinical manifestations,diagnosis and treatment of total 106 patients younger than 12 months with KD hospitalized in Chengdu Women and Children's Central Hospital from Jan.2006 to Jan.2014 were reviewed.Results (1) Among 106 cases,72 cases were male and 34 cases were female,the ratio of male to female was 2.1:1.0.The age varied from 2 months to 12 months,and the average age was (8.4 ± 2.7) months.Twenty-eight cases were younger than 6 months,78 cases were within 6 months to 12 months.(2)KD scattered the whole year and occurred more frequently in spring and summer.The average duration of fever before final diagnosis was (8.0 ±3.5) days.The major clinical manifestation were erythema and cracking of lips (77.4％,82/106 cases),rash (73.6％,78/106 cases),eye conjunctival hyperemia (70.8％,75/106 cases),changes in extremities (59.4％,63/ 106 cases),strawberry tongue (48.1％,51/106 cases),cervical lymphadenopathy (40.6％,43/106 cases),respectively.Among 106 cases,33 cases (31.1％) were diagnosed as incomplete KD (IKD),86 cases (78.9％) accompanied with one or more than one systematic or organic lesion,33 cases (31.1％) were misdiagnosed before the final diagnosis of KD,32 cases (30.2％) accompanied with CAL.Ninety-five point nine percent(94/98 cases) were sensitive to the first dose of intravenous immunogloblin (IVIG) therapy.(3)Compared with the infants of KD older than 6 months,the infants younger than 6 months had longer fever duration before the final diagnosis,higher prevalence of IKD,higher incidence of gastrointestinal involvement and anemia,higher white blood count,lower haemoglobin and albumin values,higher incidence of CAL and coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) (all P ＜ 0.05).IVIG treatment response for both groups was sensitive (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions (1) Infants KD,especially younger than 6 months old had higher rate of IKD,often accompanied with other organic lesion,and were easily to be misdiagnosed and missed diagnosis.Most infants KD were sensitive to the first dose of IVIG therapy.(2) Infants of KD younger than 6 months old were more prone to suffer from CAL and CAA.(3) To avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of infants KD,cardiac ultrasonography is important for those who have unexplained fever over 5 days and were not sensitive to the treatment,especially the male.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of urine abnormalities for school children in Chengdu city and to evaluate the significance of urinary screening.Methods During January to December 2013,morning urine of 6 615 students were collected and screened by urine reagent paper.Two weeks later,the repeated screening was conducted in the children whose urine samples were positive for the first screening.Urine samples with positive testing results for twice were submitted to urine routine tests at local hospital,and the children with the urine positive results were defined as urine abnormalities.The children with urine abnormalities were transferred to a tertiary hospital and given treatment and follow-up.Results There were 6 615 cases receiving urine screening,including 2 624 cases (39.67 ％) of the grade I,and 3 991 cases(60.33％) at junior middle school.During the first screening,323 cases (4.83％) children had urinary occult blood positive,43 cases (0.65％) had urinary protein,20 cases (0.30％) had occult blood positive and proteinuria,and 103 cases (1.56％) had white cells in urine.During the second urine screening,62 cases (0.94％) had occult blood positive,6 cases (0.09％) had urinary protein,2 cases (0.03％) had proteinuria and occult blood positive,46 cases (0.70％) had white cells in urine.The incidence of urine abnormalities with occult blood positive,proteinuria,occult blood positive and proteinuria,and white cells in urine of children at junior middle school [1.38％ (55/3 991 cases),0.13％ (5/3 991 cases),0.05％ (2/3 991 cases),0.70％ (28/3 991 cases)] were significantly higher than those of children at primary school [0.27％ (7/2 624 cases),0.04％ (1/2 624 cases),0 (0/ 2 624 cases),0.69％ (18/2 624 cases)],and all the differences were statisticallysignificant (x2 =64.16,168.53,178.09,98.16,all P ＜ 0.05).In children transferred to a tertiary hospital for treatment,there were 4 cases with IgA nephropathy,1 case with minor glomerular abnormalities,and 12 cases with urinary tract infection.Conclusion Urinary screening is an effective way to find out kidney disease and urinary tract infection in children.Follow-ups should be strengthened.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of azithromycin combined with different-dose methylprednisolone therapy for refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(RMPP)in children.Methods:Two hundred and twenty cases of RMPP admitted to Chengdu Women′s and Children′s Central Hospital between January 2014 and December 2019 were selected.They were treated with azithromycin combined with 1~2 mg/(kg·d)(low-dose)of methylprednisolone for 3 days, then they were divided into 2 groups, 152 cases with effective treatment in the control group A(effective group), 68 cases with ineffective treatment in observation group B(ineffective group). Among group B, according to the IgG, IgM and IgA as defined in Zhu Futang Practice of Pediatrics, 45 cases with normal immunity named normal-immune group B, change methylprednisolone dose to 10~30 mg/(kg·d)(high-dose)for 3 days, and 23 cases with low immunity named weakened-immune group B, change methylprednisolone dose to 10~30 mg/(kg·d)for 3 days and give immunomodulator therapy, that is human immunoglobulin for intravenous injection(IVIG)200 mg/(kg·d)for 3 days.After treatment, duration of fever, lung inflammation, extrapulmonary complications, hospitalization days and other indicators were compared.Results:Comparison between group A and group B, the lung rale absorption time[(11.32±3.62)d vs(10.00±2.32)d], lung consolidation absorption rate(64.10% vs 83.33%), pulmonary atelectasis retentive rate(52.38% vs 82.60%), effusion absorption rate(66.67% vs 100.00% ), the incidence rate of extrapulmonary complications(38.82% vs 25.00%), the disappearance time of complications[(10.96±2.98)d vs(8.94±2.86)d], the average hospitalization stay[(12.30±3.56)d vs(11.25±3.84)d]were significantly different( P<0.05). Comparison between normal-immune group B and weakened-immune group B after giving high doses of methylprednisolone, the fever dropped time[(10.51±3.26)h vs(8.60±3.31)h], the lung rale absorption time[(10.51±2.24)d vs(9.00±2.19)d], lung consolidation absorption rate(72.00% vs 100.00%), the average hospitalization stay[(12.00±3.96)d vs(9.78±3.19)d]were significantly different( P<0.05). Conclusion:Compared to low-dose of methylprednisolone, azithromycin combined with high-dose methylprednisolone therapy is better for RMPP.For the children with weakened immunity, better curative effect was obtained by IVIG.

Objective: To establish comprehensive laboratory reference intervals for Chinese children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional multicenter study. From June 2013 to December 2014, eligible healthy children aged from 6-month to 17-year were enrolled from 20 medical centers with informed consent. They were assessed by physical examination, questionnaire survey and abdominal ultrasound for eligibility. Fasting blood samples were collected and delivered to central laboratory. Measurements of 15 clinical laboratory parameters were performed, including estradiol (E2), testosterone(T), luteinizing hormone(LH), follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), alanine transaminase(ALT), serum creatinine(Scr), cystatin C, immunoglobulin A(IgA), immunoglobulin G(IgG), immunoglobulin M(IgM), complement (C3, C4), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), uric acid(UA) and creatine kinase(CK). Reference intervals were established according to central 95% confidence intervals for reference population, stratified by age and sex. Results: In total, 2 259 children were enrolled. Finally, 1 648 children were eligible for this study, including 830 boys and 818 girls, at a mean age of 7.4 years. Age- and sex- specific reference intervals have been established for the parameters. Reference intervals of sex hormones increased gradually with age. Concentrations of ALT, cystatin C, ALP and CK were higher in children under 2 years old. Serum levels of sex hormones, creatinine, immunoglobin, CK, ALP and urea increased rapidly in adolescence, with significant sex difference. In addition, reference intervals were variable depending on assay methods. Concentrations of ALT detected by reagents with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate(PLP) were higher than those detected by reagents without PLP. Compared with enzymatic method, Jaffe assay always got higher results of serum creatinine, especially in children younger than 9 years old. Conclusion This study established age- and sex- specific reference intervals, for 15 clinical laboratory parameters based on defined healthy children.