OBJECTIVE:To study the current situation of development in personnel resources of licensed pharmacists of drug supply enterprises in China and the ways of development.METHODS:The existing problems in the development of per-sonnel resources of licensed pharmacists were analyzed through the ways of questionnaires and interviews.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:The drug supply enterprises lacked collocation and application rules of pharmacists and there lacked a system for employing,training,assessing and encouraging the licensed pharmacists.Furthermore,because of the inefficient policy,the supply-demand market of licensed pharmacists was unsatisfactory and the functions of the pharmacists were incomplete.Therefore,the practicing environment for the licensed pharmacists must be optimized.It is recommended that a perfect system of employment and assessment should be established;the full-time practice and the part-time practice should be allowed to coexist;the information network platform for supply-demand of the licensed pharmacists should be set up to improve the management as well as self-discipline function of licensed pharmacist association,better the further education system,and therefore promote the development of personnel resoures.

Objective To study the different expression of complement receptors on neutrophils between bacterial and viral pneumonia. Methods Fifty-nine patients with CAP were studied prospectively. CR1 ,CR3 were measured by,using flow cytometer. ESR,CRP and WBC were also measured. Results Thirteen patients had pneumococcal pneumonia; 13 patients, A type of infuenza virus pneumonia ;5 patients, atypical pneumonia, and 28 patients, aetiologically undefined pneumonia. The mean expression of complement receptor 1 ( CR1 ) on neutrophils and aetiologically undefined pneumonia was( 19.4 ± 9.8 ) and ( 19.3 ± 8.8), which were significantly higher than those with A type of infuenza virus( t = 6.13,5.09 ,P < 0.01 ). Conclusion The expression of CR1 may be of value as an additional rapid tool in the aetiological diagnosis, bacterial or viral infection of CAP.

Objective To investigate the clinical results of resection of periacetabular tumors and reconstruction with fibular autograft. Methods Eight patients with tumors around acetabular were treated surgically in Tongji Hospital between January 1999 and April 2003. The series comprised 5 males and 3 females, with an average age of 39.6 years old (range, 21-65 years old). One patient was diagnosed with osteosarcoma, 2 with chondrosarcoma, 3 with metastatic bone tumor, 1 with giant cell tumor(GCT), and 1 with aneurysmoid bone cyst. There were ⅠB in one patient, ⅡB in 3 patients according to Enneking surgical staging in four primary malignant tumors patients. The tumors involved the zones Ⅱ of Enneking classification in 5 patients, the zonesⅠand Ⅱin 3 patients. All the 8 patients with periacetabular tumors underwent resection and reconstruction with fibular autograft(including 3 cases of a free vascularized fibular graft). Functional results were evaluated according to the system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society. Results Bony union occurred 15.2 weeks (range 14-16 weeks) in 5 patients reconstructed with non-vascularized fibular graft and 13.6 weeks (range 12-15 weeks) in 3 patients reconstructed with vascularized fibular graft after the initial surgery. Five of them were followed up ranged from 14 to 42 months (mean 28 months). There were continuously disease-free without complications during follow-up. At the final followup, the average functional score was 22 (range 18-27) according to the system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society. The good and excellent rate of functional results was 100%. Conclusion Tumor resection and reconstruction by fibular autograft is an effective treatment for patients with periacetabular tumors. Satisfactory postoperative function was obtained, and relief of pain and walking independently could be achieved with a high level of patient satisfaction.

Objective To discuss the methods of the operative treatment for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). Methods From December 2002 to June 2005, 8 cases of PTTD were treated with operations, including 2 males and 6 females with an average age of 47 years (range, 36 to 56 years). Left side was involved in 6 cases, and right side was affected in 2 cases. Stage Ⅱposterior tibial tendon dysfunction were 2 feet and stage Ⅲ were 6 feet. Every case with special operative treatment, for instance lateral column lengthening, arthrodesis, repair posterior tibial tendon, spring ligament reefing, flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer and so on. Every bone operation was combined with one or more than one sofe tissue operation. Anterior transfer and strengthening of posterior tibial tendon were performed in 4 cases, spring ligament reefing in 2 cases, flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer in 4 cases. All patients were fixed with plaster cast at inversion position for 4-6 weeks, then changed to plaster splint fixing at neutral position for 4 weeks. Functions of ankle and foot were evaluated before and after operation. Results All patients were followed up for an average of 28 months(range, 12 to 40 months). According to Maryland foot score, 2 were fair and 6 were failure in preoperative, 4 were excellent, 3 were good and 1 was fair in postoperative. The total excellent and good rate was 87.5%. The specific index of X-ray improve obviously(P

[Objective]To introduce the new concept of "terrible triad of the elbow",and report the preliminary results of 5 clinical cases.[Method]From April 2004 to March 2007,five cases met the diagnosis of terrible triad,with posterior dislocation of elbow complicated with radial head and ulnar coronoid fractures.The radial head fractures were 4 in type Ⅱ and I in type Ⅲ according to Mason classification,and Ⅰ in type Ⅰ,Ⅲ in type Ⅱ and 1 in type Ⅲ according to Schatzker classification.The ulnar coronoid fractures were Ⅰ in type Ⅰ,Ⅳ in type Ⅱ according to Regan-Morrey classification,and all 5 in type Ⅰ according to O'Driscoll classification.Four patients underwent surgical operations.The fractured radial head and ulnar coronoid were reduced and fixed with 3mm titanic lag screws or K wires,the lateral and medial collateral ligaments were repaired with Krachow sutures.A plaster of Paris was applied for 3 weeks after operation,in position with elbow flexion in 90 degrees and forearm rotation in neutral.Then physical exercise and rehabilitation program were carried out.[Result]Four operated patients were followed up for 3 months to 3 years,with healed fractures,stable elbow and no pain movement.The average range of elbow flexion-extension were 120 degrees,and forearm pronationsupination were 110 degrees,respectively.The functional outcome in 3 cases that followed up more than Ⅰ year was excellent in 2 and good in Ⅰ according to Mayo Elbow Performance Score(MEPS).The result of the un-operated case was poor in MEPS evaluation.Elbow instability and pain was the main complaint.[Conclusion]Terrible triad of posterior dislocation with radial head and ulnar coronoid fractures is a severe trauma to the elbow.Operative osteosythesis and ligament repair is mandatory for concentric reduction and elbow stability.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on myocardium injury after sepsis in rats in order to clarify the mechanisms.Methods The rat models of sepsis were produced by cecal ligation and perforation method (CLP).Ninty-six healthy SD rats were randomly (random number) divided into 3 groups:the sham operation group (Sham group,n =32),the sepsis group (CLP group,n =32),and the EPO treatment group (EPO group,n =32) treated with EPO 1000 IU/kg intraperitoneal injection after the CLP.The observation intervals were set at 3 h,6 h,12 h and 24 h after the surgery.The cardiac hemodynamics of the CLP group were measured.Plasma levels of inflammatory factors and myocardial enzyme indicators were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ; Membrane potential levels of chondriosome of myocardial cells,cell apoptosis rates and expressions of nuclear factor-κB p65 of myocardium tissue were detected by flow cytometer; Then the pathological change of myocardium with HE staining was observed under light microscopy.Results (1) Compared with the CLP group,left ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP),left ventricle diastolic end pressure (LVEDP),the maximum rate of left ventricle rise and fall (+ dp/dtmax and-dp/dtmax) in the EPO group improved (P ＜0.05,P＜0.01); (2) Compared with the Sham operation group,plasma levels of tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α),interleukin-6 (IL-6),C-reactive protein (CRP),cardiac troponin-I (cTNI),creatine kinase (CK),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamine-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in the CLP group increased at each interval (P ＜ 0.05),and those biomarkers in the EPO group were lower than those in the CLP group (P ＜ 0.05) ; On the contrary,plasma level of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in EPO group was higher than that in the CLP group (P ＜ 0.01) ; (3) Compared with the Sham operation group,the cell apoptosis rates in the CLP group increased significantly (P ＜ 0.01),and it decreased obviously in the EPO group (P ＜ 0.01); (4) Compared with the Sham group,membrane potential levels of chondriosome of myocardial cell in the CLP group decreased (P ＜0.01),while it increased in the EPO group in comparison with the CLP group (P ＜ 0.01) ; (5) Pathological changes of myocardium after the CLP could be lessened by the EPO treatment.Conclusions EPO may increase membrane potential levels of chondriosome and decrease the apoptosis rates of myocardial cell in rats after sepsis,and it may reduced the production of inflammatory factors to protect the myocardial cell by down-regulating NF-κB p65.Both increased membrane potential level of chonriosome and decreased inflammatory factor may implicate in myocardium protection thereby improving cardiac function after sepsis.

Objective To investigate the venous drainage of lesser saphenous aural neurov enofasciocutaneous distally based flap through fluorescence tracing technique and discuss the pattern of venous drainage.Methods Venous blood for 0.1 ml was collected from every rabbit ear vein of 20 rabbits respectively for separation of the erythrocytes and labeling with FITC.The lesser saphenous sural neurovenofasciocutaneous distally based flaps were successfully established in hind limbs of 20 rabbits that were then allocated into four groups according to different inspection time points at 30 minutes ( Croup A) ,24 hours (Group B) ,72 hours (Group C) and 7 days (Group D) after operation.The labeled erythrocytes (5 μl) were injected into the flaps via lesser saphenous vein (in Groups A and B)or hypoderma (in Groups C and D).Then,the flaps were removed five seconds (in Groups A and B) or 10 seconds (in Groups C and D) after injection,immediately frozen and sectioned (5-7 μm in thickness) for microscopic analysis of fluorescent distribution in the pedicle.Results FITC-labeled red blood cells showed steady green fluorescence under inversion fluorescence microscope.Fluorescence was mainly distributed in the wall of lesser saphenous vein and peripheral vessels,as well as inner and outer membrane of perforator artery.There was only faint fluorescence around sural nerve in Groups B,C and D.HE staining showed that the lumina of lesser saphenous vein in Groups C and D were fully filled with thrombosis.Conclusions Vein of the lesser saphenous sural neurovenofasciocutaneous distally based flaps is refluxed mainly through wall of lesser saphenous vein and peripheral vessels as well as through inner and outer membrane of perforator artery in the pedicle.Thrombosis occurs in the lumina of lesser saphenous but there is no venous blood reflux through the valve of lesser saphenous vein.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of plasma exchange (PE) combined with plasma perfusion (PP) in treatment of liver failure and the influence on inflammatory factors and liver function.Methods:98 patients with liver failure in our hospital from February 2014 to February 2016 were selected as the subjectswere,and they were randomly divided into experimental group and control group,and each group was 49 cases.The experimental group was treated with PE combined with PP,and the control group was received PE alone.The liver function before and after treatment was detected by automatic biochemical analyzer.The serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The total effective rate,the incidence of side effects,the levels of liver function and inflammatory factors before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.Results:The clinical effective rate in the experimental group (91.84％) was significantly higher than that in the control group (73.47％),the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group (10.20％) was significantly lower than that in the control group (38.78％),the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT),total bilirubin (TBIL) and blood ammonia (NH3) were significantly decreased in both groups after treatment (all P＜0.05).Albumin (ALB) and thrombin activity (PTA) were significantly increased in both groups after treatment (both P＜0.05).After treatment,the serum levels of ALT,TBIL and NH3 in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (all P＜0.05),the levels of ALB and PTA were higher than those of the control group,the difference was statistically significant (both P＜0.05).After treatment,the serum levels ofCRP,TNF-α and IL-6 were lower than those before treatment,and the serum levels of CRP,TNF-α and IL-6 in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (all P＜0.05).Conclusion:The combination of plasma exchange and plasma perfusion has a good effect in the treatment of liver failure,and the incidence of adverse reactions is low.It can effectively remove inflammatory factors,improve liver function and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective To evaluate the implementation of the national essential medicine system in Shaanxi Province.Methods Using a standardized methodology (2008 Edition) developed by the World Health Organization(WHO) and Health Action International(HAD,data on the prices and availability of 38 essential medicines were collected from 120 primary,secondary and tertiary public hospitals in ten cities of Shaanxi Province from March to May 2012.Results The availability of essential medicines is generally low at public hospitals in Shaanxi province,as the average availability of originator brands is but 5.9％,and that of generics of the lowest prices is but 23.9％,while this availability at tertiary hospitals is higher than hospitals of lower levels.The procurement prices of originator drugs within essential medicines are distinctly higher than the international reference prices for the originator brands,and slightly higher for the lowest priced generics.The procurement prices at primary care hospitals are slightly lower than that of other hospitals.Retail prices of essential medicine are not significantly different among regions of different income levels.Affordability of originator brands is poor,while that of their generic equivalents is good.Conclusion The government is recommended to adjust the national essential medicine list,expand the variety of essential medicine moderately,improve the medicine pricing mechanism,and deepen public hospitals reform.

Objective:To conduct a systematic review on the implementation effects of National Essential Medi-cine System ( NEMS) since the new health care reform and provide some suggestions to further improve the NEMS. Methods:Databases and relevant international organization reports were searched to collect studies related to the im-plementation of NEMS in China. The database search occurred from January 2009 to December 2014. Results:A to-tal of 1 292 studies were finally included, encompassing 1,277 Chinese papers, 12 English papers, and 3 WHO/HAI reports. A lot of researches have been done on NEMS, but the techniques of NEMS evaluation are not perfect. The sample representativeness is poor, and the longitudinal follow-up studies of the microscopic view is insufficient. . Evi-dence-based evaluation research using big data has just started. Conclusions: The research on NEMS should be strengthened. The NEMS evaluation should not only be based on national conditions, but it should also be in combi-nation with an international, multidimensional evaluation framework in terms of availability, affordability and rational drug use, so as to provide evidences to perfect the NEMS.