This paper summarizes the main achievements and the existing problems of clinical pharmacy in China since establishing the discipline. The cause which accounts for the occurrence of these problems is briefly analysed. On the basis, we suggest the way to develope clinical pharmacy in the future. The following three topics are discussed in detail:establishing related rules and regulations, trainning qualified personnel, and encouraging pharmaceutists to contact clinical work.

OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for the further implementation of national essential drug system in China. METHODS: The establishment of national essential drug system in China was reviewed to find out the problem in the implementation process. Related solutions were proposed. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: The implementation of essential drugs in China demand clarifying the legal status of essential drugs, strengthening popularity of essential drugs, improving awareness of medical staff and the public about essential drugs. Moreover, patients can be benefited in the medical institutions where essential drug system has been carried out to improving the dependence of the public to essential medicines.

OBJECTIVE:To provide some suggestions for reference in establishment of clinical pharmacist institution in China.METHODS:Through analysing the present policy,mechanism,education,social psychology and law,the difficulties confronting us in establishment of clinical pharmacist institution were discussed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:It needs to improve the mechanism in many aspects and to intensify the reform continuously in the process of establishing clinical phar-macist institution.

Objective:To optimize the flash extraction process of Isatidis Radix by Box-Behnken experimental design. Methods:A flash extraction method was used with the extraction voltage, material-liquid ratio and extraction time as the independent variables. A Hassan’s method was used to calculate the normalized value(OD) of comprehensive evaluation of the dry extract yield and the epi-goitrin extraction rate in order to establish the mathematical relationship between the comprehensive evaluation OD and the independent variables, and the response surface method was used to predict the best process conditions. Results:The optimum process conditions were as follows:voltage of 88 V, material-liquid ratio of 19. 62, and extraction time of 2. 03 min. The rate of dry extract and epigoitrin extraction was 37. 902% and 0. 1887%, respectively. Conclusion:The measured value is close to the predicted one,which indicates the comprehensive flash extraction parameters optimized by Box-Behnken experimental design can be used for the extraction for Isatidis Radix.

Malunion is one of common complications after distal radius fractures.It is indicated that malunion plays an important role in fracture recovery in many studies.This article sums up the research data,from aspects of both biomechanical analysis and follows-up of clinical cases,of domestic and foreign scholars in recent years,and reviews the influences of malunion on wrist joint functional outcome.

OBJECTIVE:To study the characteristics of doctors'behavior in clinical pharmaceutical service in hospi?tal.METHODS:Using statistical method,the doctors at their posts in nationwide scope were sampled and investigated by question-naires.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Hospital doctors have a relatively vague cognizance of clinical pharmacists'work and they are cautious about clinical pharmaceutical service.They admit that they have requirements of clinical pharma?ceutical service,but at the same time they doubt of the pharmacists'capability,and they are just willing to accept the service selectively.

OBJECTIVE:To study the behavioral characteristics of nurses(or chief nurses)in the clinical pharmacy ser?vices.METHODS:Statistical method like questionnaires was used to investigate the clinical nurses(or chief nurses)nationwide at random.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The nurses(or chief nurses)had positive attitudes towards clinical pharmacy services and thought highly of the clinical pharmacists'work both inwardly and outwardly.There is a great need for the knowledge of the pharmacy administration method in the clinical pharmacy services.

OBJECTIVE:To study the current situation of development in personnel resources of licensed pharmacists of drug supply enterprises in China and the ways of development.METHODS:The existing problems in the development of per-sonnel resources of licensed pharmacists were analyzed through the ways of questionnaires and interviews.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:The drug supply enterprises lacked collocation and application rules of pharmacists and there lacked a system for employing,training,assessing and encouraging the licensed pharmacists.Furthermore,because of the inefficient policy,the supply-demand market of licensed pharmacists was unsatisfactory and the functions of the pharmacists were incomplete.Therefore,the practicing environment for the licensed pharmacists must be optimized.It is recommended that a perfect system of employment and assessment should be established;the full-time practice and the part-time practice should be allowed to coexist;the information network platform for supply-demand of the licensed pharmacists should be set up to improve the management as well as self-discipline function of licensed pharmacist association,better the further education system,and therefore promote the development of personnel resoures.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the necessities and countermeasures of pharmaceutical care in the rural areas of China.METHODS:The existing difficulties of pharmaceutical care in the rural areas of China were analyzed realistically.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:In order to successfully carry out pharmaceutical care,firstly the state food and drug adminis-tration must strengthen the supervision,construct the supply network of drugs and ensure the quality of medication;secondly the pharmacists'ability must be enhanced and pharmacists'quantity increased through various of training and education;thirdly the consultation service should be carried out by specially assigned persons.Only in this way can we improve the quality of pharmaceutical care and ensure the secure,efficient and economic drug use.

OBJECTIVE:To construct retail chain pharmacy service quality evaluation model suitable for our country.ME_ THODS:SERVQUAL service quality evaluation method was adopted.RESULTS:Based on the practical condition of domestic retail chain pharmacy,24influencing indexes of which were presented and a service quality evaluation model was estab-lished.CONCLUSION:This evaluation model serves as guidance for the improvement of service level of retail chain pharmacy.