Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis are common diseases of neuro-ophthalmolgy.It is concord for doctors in the recognition,diagnosis and therapy of optic neuritis abroad.But there is much debate on the concept,diagnosis and therapy in optic neu- ritis and multiple sclerosis in China.It is the responsibility of ophthalmologists to have correct cognition in the concept and diagnosis on optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis,and to save visual function of patients through reasonable normative therapy.Active exploration and necessary disputing are beneficial to recognize this disease,and important to obtain the best therapy program,too.(Ophthalmol CHN,2007,16:361-362,364)

Intracranial aneurysm is one of the major causes in cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. About 20% patients with intracranial aneurysms have clinical symptoms or signs of eye in early stage. One of them is acute monocular mydriasis without other signs. Sometimes the patients would receive timely treatment and be saved if ophthalmologists can recognize this sign. This editorial reviewed some physiological and pathological factors resulting in acute mydriasis from the point of anatomy, etiology and diagnosis , and emphasized the relation and clinical significance between intracranial aneurysms and monocular mydriasis.

Neuro-ophthalmological emergencies are some ocular manifestations, which are associated with the sight or life-threatening diseases if not promptly treated, including acute visual loss, sudden diplopia or anisocoria.Some severe nerve system or orbitocranial inflammatory diseases frequently present neuro-ophthalmological symptoms at the early stage.Acute visual loss is the common complaint of optic neuritis, arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis, and pituitary apoplexy.Diplopia usually occurs in cavernous sinus thrombosis or intracranial aneurysm because of cranial nerve palsies.Additionally, intracranial aneurysms and carotid artery dissecting aneurysm often present anisocoria initially.The clinical symptoms, signs, diagnosis and management of these disorders were reviewed from the point of emergency medicine, and the role of neuro-ophthalmological signs in the diagnosis was highlighted in this review, aiming to help ophthalmologists improve the awareness of these conditions, and emphasize the urgency of these signs.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a kind of demyelinating disease of central nervous system which mainly affect optic nerve and spinal cord. Because of its serious blindness and disability, how to effectively prevent relapse has become the focus of ophthalmologists. With the deep understanding of the pathogenesis and the progress of scientific and technological means, more and more monoclonal antibodies(mAb) continue to enter clinical trials. B cell surface antigen CD20 blocker, rituximab, has become a first-line drug for the treatment of NMOSD. CD19 blocker, inebilizumab, can reduce the recurrence and disability of NMOSD patients. The addition of interleukin 6 receptor blocker, satralizumab, and complement C5 inhibitor, eculizumab, reduce the recurrence. Some mAbs such as natalizumab and alemtuzumab may not be effective for the treatment of NMOSD. The expansion of mAb treatment indications and the launch of new drugs still require more clinical trials which are large-scale and international cooperation. At the same time, its potential adverse events and cost issues cannot be ignored.

Objective To learn the hotspots of study in ischemic optic neuropathy (ION).Methods Literature on ION published in January 2000 to July 2012 was identified in Pubmed database.MeSH terms that frequently appeared were identified and co-word analysis was carried out by cluster analysis.Then a network was drawn using social network analysis.Results A total of 1045 papers were included.The United States,England,Germany,France and Netherlands together accounted for 71.53％ (748) of the articles.There were 28 high-frequency MeSH terms and hot topics clustered into four fields.The appearance frequency of MeSH showed that most research focused on:(1)postoperative or arteritic ION;(2) epidemiology,pathology and diagnosis of ION ; (3) pathophysiology and therapy of ION ; (4) chemically induced ION.Conclusion The international main research focus of ION includes four fields,which may provide reference or scholars both in scientific research and clinical research.

Neuro-ophthalmology is a subspecialty of both neurology and ophthalmology concerning visual problems that are related to the nervous system. As the rapid development of computer technology, information technology and radiology, the development of neuro-ophthalmology is in the best period in history. The following important topics are worthy of attention: 1) the diagnosis and therapy of carotid artery stenosis related ophthalmopathy;2)the relationship between papilledema and cranial venous sinus thrombosis; 3) the diagnosis of optic canal fracture with high resolution computer tomography;4)the relationship between optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can depict mild papilledema and slight changes in the internal segment and external segment; measure thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer,retinal thickness and macular volume; detect missing axons and damage to the macular ganglion cell complex.Thus,OCT has important application values and widespread prospects in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of glaucoma and non-glaucoma optic neuropathy,optic nerve diseases and macular diseases,outer and inner retinopathy as well as evaluation of curative effects,follow-up observation,prognosis and mechanisms in neuroophthalmological diseases.Neuro-ophthalmologists should pay more attention to the exploration and application of OCT in the field of neuro-ophthalmology.

Background The research field of optic neuritis has developed rapidly and become more complex in recent years.It is very important for the reseachers and clinicians to known its status and the future trend.Objective This survey was to learn the distribution pattern,subject domain knowledge and worldwide research tendency of optic neuritis based on literatures in PubMed database.Methods Literatures on optic neuritis published in January 2000 to July 2012 were identified in PubMed database.The analytic dimention of an article included journal,published year,author,country and language.After core Mesh terms had been characterised by bibliographic item co-occurrence mining system (BICOMS),the co-occurrence matrix was built.Cluster analysis and multiple diamensional analysis were finished by SPSS 17.0.Then visualized network was drawn using ucinet 6.0.Results Totally 2 191 literatures were included,the number of articles increased from 105 in 2000 to 282 in 2011.The United States,England,Germany,Netherlands and Japan together accounted for 73.71％ of articles.There were 52 high-frequency subjects and hot topics were clustered into 9 categories.The visualized domain knowledge map was successfully built.The immunologic research was fully developed.The topic on etiology and diagnostic research,pathologic research,physiologic research and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) research had become core domain,while the studies of medication therapy,non-central nervous system idiopathetic demyelinating optic neuritis,epidemiology and genetics were not developed well.Conclusions Global optic neuritis publications display a continuous growth in the new millennium.The Big 5 in scientific literature on optic neuritis are the United States,England,Germany,Netherlands and Japan.The international main research focus includes 9 fields,which may provide reference or scholars both in scientific research and clinical research.

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in those of working age.It is well known that the retinal vasculature is altered during diabetes.More recently,it has emerged that neuronal,glial dysfunction and electroretinogram changes occur in those with diabetes.Current research is directed at understanding these neuronal and glial changes because they may be an early manifestation of disease processes that ultimately lead to vascular abnormality.This review will highlight the recent advances in our understanding of the neuronal,glial dysfunction,electroretiongram changes that occur during diabetes.

Objective To evaluate the correlation between antiphospholipid (APLA) antibodies and retinal vein occlusion (RVO).Methods A computerized search was conducted in the Pubmed,Chinese Biological Medicine Database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,VIP database,Wanfang Database combined with manually searching of literature reference proceedings.The search time was ranged from establishment of each database to August 1st,2012.After the data extraction,quality of RCT was assessed.The meta analysis was performed by Stata 11.0.Results In total,12 case-control studies (1324subjects) that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included in the meta-analysis involving 505 patients in RVO group and 819 subjects in control group.The odds ratio (OR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) of APLA,anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA),lupus coagulation inhibitor and RVO were 5.01 and 3.33-7.53,4.38 and 2.38 8.05,1.72 and 0.73-4.04,respectively.The OR and 95％ CI of APLA,ACA and central RVO were 4.80 and 2.59-8.88,6.02 and 2.06-17.63,respectively.The OR and 95％ CI of APLA,ACA,lupus coagulation inhibitor and branch RVO were 4.22 and 1.67-10.63,3.69 and 1.32-10.32,2.07 and 0.79-5.41,respectively.Conclusions APLA may increase the rick of RVO,especially ACA has a prediction function to RVO.It is necessary to screening for APLA in RVO patients.