Introduction
Taking the GSR to acupoints in rheumatoid arthritis, we observed the following 3 points: the comparison between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the relativity between the clinical symptoms and acupoints, and the effect of acupuncture on the pathema.
Method
Using an apparatus “Memorador Model F-532”, we measured the GSR to SP-3, LV-3, BL-64, GB-40, ST-42, ST-36 and SP-6 together with a check on this symptom and hemanalysis.
Effect
The GSR in rheumatoid arthritis was higher than the other. The GSR in active rheumatoid arthritis was lower than the inactive. It was showed that there were significant differences in KI-3 (significance level under 5%) and SP-6 (under 1%).
Conclusion
We assumed that the pathema might be dependent on the condition of their acupoints. Acupuncture gave a good effect on rheumatoid arthritis.

Stretching for the triceps surae muscle in the knee flexed position (medical stretching: MS) and knee extended position (static stretching: SS) were performed and the effect on the dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint was examined. Five elderly females were selected as subjects. We measured the maximal dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint in the following leg positions: (1) the maximal dorsiflexion angle in the extended knee position (EDF angle) and (2) the maximal dorsiflexion angle in the 90°flexed-knee position (FDF angle). There was a significant increase in the maximal dorsiflexion angle after MS and SS were carried out (p<0.01), but there was no significant difference between MS and SS. It was concluded that MS for triceps surae is equally effective as SS in increasing the maximal dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint.

This study examined the relationship between riding posture and muscle activities during passive exercise on horseback-riding simulation equipment. The effects of passive training on the prototypes were also determined. Three prototypes with tilted seat (A110, A130, and A140) were developed with an attempt to change the angle between trunk and leg to 110, 130, and 140 degrees, respectively. Twelve female aged 42.7±2.3 years performed passive exercise on the three prototypes and isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) tests. Electromyogram of nine muscles in the trunk and lower limb were recorded. On A110, back muscle showed the largest activity (22%MVC ; p<0.01 ; repeated measures ANOVA). Contrastingly on A140, abdominal muscle and knee extensor showed the largest activity (40%MVC and 26%MVC ; p<0.01). Passive training on the prototypes for 30 minutes/day, 4 times/week, 8 weeks produced enhancement of muscle strength in trunk and hip. Riding posture is an effective factor to control physical effects without increasing the velocity on horseback-riding simulation equipment.

BACKGROUND: Structural characteristics of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) offer substantial mechanical integrity for fracture stabilization and fixation during the healing process, with particular applications in mechanically compromised osteoporotic bone.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of the augmentation to fixation with CPC, comparing with screw fixation augmented by polymenthymethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement or with unaugmented screw fixation for femoral neck fractures in sheep by histological evaluation.DESIGN: Randomized controlled, duplicated observation and opening study.SETTING: Departments of Orthopeadics and General Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University; Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University; Department of Plastic Surgery, Aichi Medical University of Japan.MATERIALS: The experiment was completed in the Taonan Municipal Hospital of Jilin, Jilin University and Aichi Medical University of Japan from January 1999 to January 2004. A total of 45 adult sheep with mean age of 12.5 months were divided into three groups: unaugmentation group,CPC augmentation group and PMMA augmentation group with 15 in each group. Five sheep from each group were selected at 3, 6 and 12 weeks after operation. CPC was consisted of 75% α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP),18% tetracalcium phosphate (TeCP), 5% dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and 2% hydroxyapatite (HA). The solidify liquid was consisted of 5% sodium chondroitin sulphate, 12% sodium succinate and 83% water.The ratio between powder and water was 3:1. PMMA bone cement was combined with 97.4% methylmethacrylate, 2.6% N dimethyl-para-toluidine and hydroquinone.METHODS: ① Sheep from each group were anaesthetized by intravenous injection of pentobarbital sodium. The surgical steps were steotomy, drill,tap and fixation. An osteotomized bone at the base of right femoral neck of all groups was fixed by two cancellous bone screws of the diameter 4 mm through femoral neck at the site below great trochanter region. The cement material was filled into the screw hole before the screw insertion. ② CPC was injected into wells in CPC augmentation group, PMMA was injected into wells in PMMA augmentation group, but wells in unaugmentation group was not give any materials. ③After the maximum, compressive load was tested to detect intensity of healing bone, the specimens were fixed in 40%, 70%, 90% and 100% ethanol, dehydrated and stained, in the end embedded in PMMA resin. Serial histological specimens of 150-200 μm thickness were sliced along the long axis of the femoral neck with the microtom. The histological specimens also were taken for contact microradiography. The changes of the host bone and the new bone formation at the interface between cement and bone would be evaluated histologically until 3, 6 or 12 weeks after surgery.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes of the host bone and the new bone formation in each group at various time points after operation.RESULTS: All 45 mature Chinese sheep were involved in the final analysis without any loss. Changes of the host bone and the new bone formation in each group at various time points after operation: ① Unaugmentation group: By 3 weeks after surgery, the thin fibrous tissue was found around the screw, and the host bone had micro-destruction. By 6 or 12 weeks after surgery, the micro-destruction of host bone was repaired. ② CPC augmentation group: By 3, 6 or 12 weeks after surgery, the most of gap between the screw and the host bone was occupied by this material, and the new bone connected directly to the material surface, and there was no intervening fibrous tissue between new bone and the material. Especially by 12weeks after surgery, a large quantity of the new bone was formed, and new bone was matured with many bone canals. ③ PMMA augmentation group:By 3 weeks after surgery, the thick fibrous tissue Between PMMA bone cement and the host bone, and the remarkable bone atrophy of host bone were found. By 6,12 weeks after surgery, the fibrous tissue and the bone atrophy were developed.CONCLUSION: CPC provide long-term beneficial augmentation of femoral neck fractures in sheep because of a good biocompatibility, good osteoconduction and capability of remodeling.