Objective To investigate the current status and distribution characteristics of chronic constipation,sleep disturbances and olfactory disorders in Chinese elderly.Methods In 2010,the 3rd Chronic Non-communicable Disease & Risk Factor Surveillance in China was conducted in 31 provinces and Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps.42 668 Chinese aged over 60 years in 98 548 households were randomly selected from 162 National Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs) by a stratified multistage cluster sampling.All subjects received a set of standardized questionnaire and interview.After a complex weighing,the differences in the prevalence of constipation,sleep disturbances and olfactory disorders were investigated among the residents with different genders,ages,urban or rural areas and regions.Results In all subjects aged over 60 years,the general prevalence of self-reported constipation was 5.06 ％,which increased with age.The general prevalence of self-reported constipation was higher in females than in males (5.80％ vs.4.27％,x2 =21.78,P＜0.05),higher in urban areas than in the rural areas (6.04％ vs.4.58％,x2 =5.66,P＜0.05),and there were no significant differences among residents in eastern,central,and western regions.The general prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbances was 14.19％,which increased with age.The general prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbances was higher in females than in males (17.27％ vs.10.94％,x2 =165.53,P＜0.05),and there were no significant differences among residents in urban and rural areas or in different regions.The general prevalence of self-reported olfactory disorders was 8.49％,which increased with age.The general prevalence of self-reported olfactory disorders was higher in females than in males (9.36％ vs.7.58％,x2 =22.32,P＜0.05).There were significant differences in the prevalence of self-reported olfactory disorders among residents in eastern,central and western regions (6.98％,8.28％ and 11.00％,x2 =6.66,all P＜0.05 respectively),and no significant difference was found between residents in urban and rural areas.Conclusions The prevalences of self-reported constipation,sleep disturbances and olfactory disorders are increased with age and significantly more common among women in Chinese elderly residents.

Objective: To investigate the disability status and its epidemiological characteristics in the elderly in urban and rural communities in China. Methods: The participants were from the project of Prevention and Intervention on Neurodegenerative Disease for Elderly in China conducted in 2015. A total of 23 803 urban and rural residents aged over 60 years were selected through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling in 6 provinces for a set of standardized questionnaire interview and physical examinations. Activities of daily living (ADL) scale was used to assess the disability status of the elderly. χ² test was used to analyze the difference in basic activities of daily living (BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disabilities in different elderly populations. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence factors for disability. Results: Taking bath had the highest impairment rate (1.7%) while eating had the lowest impairment rate (0.6%) in BADL. Making phone call had the highest impairment rate (16.6%), followed by taking bus (5.5%) and taking medicine (1.8%) in IADL. The BADL and IADL disability rates in community seniors were 2.1% and 19.1%, respectively. BADL disability rate was higher in females, the widowed, illiterate, the elderly with low body weight or obesity (P<0.05). IADL disability rate was higher in females, rural residents, the widowed, the elderly with lower educational level or lower body weight (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that risk for BADL disability increased with age and abnormal BMI, and decreased with the increase of education level. The risk factors for IADL disability included being female, age, rural residence, being widowed and low BMI. The risk for IADL disability was lower in those with higher education level and overweight or obesity. Conclusion The present study showed that the disability rate was high in the elderly in China, which was influenced by the aging and multi demographic characteristics of the elderly. It is important to strengthen the prevention of BADL and IADL disabilities and intervention in the elderly.

Objective: To explore the influencing factors affecting the cognitive impairment of the elderly population in China. Methods: A stratified multi-stage cluster sampling was used in 6 provinces (autonomous administrative regions and municipalities) to select the sample. A total 24 000 urban and rural residents aged 60 years and above received a set of standardized questionnaire interview, physical examinations, laboratory test of lipid and glucose levels of blood and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. The primary screening of cognitive function was assessed by using the Chinese Version of Ascertain Dementia 8, and then suspicious cognitive impairment cases with more than two abnormal results would receive the further cognitive function assessment by using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). 1 300 cases with cognitive impairment and 2 600 controls without cognitive impairment were recruited and matched according to their age, gender and resident area in a 1∶2 case-control study. The conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between relevant factors and cognitive impairment. Results: Factors negatively associated with cognitive impairment and their OR (95%CI) values were primary or middle school as 0.63 (0.51-0.77), high school and above as 0.59 (0.39-0.88), daily neighborhood communication as 0.61 (0.50-0.75), weekly participating in social activities 0.59 (0.44-0.79), daily tea drinking as 0.71 (0.58-0.88) and doing regular exercise as 0.71 (0.57-0.88), reading newspaper (occasional: 0.50 (0.37-0.67); frequent: 0.40 (0.28-0.57)), playing majiang or cards (occasional: 0.51 (0.34-0.74); frequent: 0.50 (0.36-0.68)) respectively. Factors positively associated with cognitive impairment and their OR (95%CI) values were APOE-ε4 heterozygote as 1.31 (1.08-1.58), homozygote as 2.74 (1.52-5.00), diabetes onset before 50 years of age and after as 9.03 (3.07-33.60) and 4.40 (3.18-6.17), stroke as 1.90 (1.35-2.69), asthma as 1.95 (1.11-3.42) respectively. Conclusion APOE-ε4 alleles, lower educational level, stroke, asthma, diabetes are risk factors of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Keeping a healthy lifestyle and preventing chronic diseases in the whole life course could significantly reduce the incidence of cognitive impairment in the elderly.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of obesity and its relationships to five common chronic diseases among the Chinese elderly population.Methods In 2013,The 4th Chronic Non-communicable Disease & Risk Factor Surveillance in China was conducted in 31 provinces.A multistage cluster sampling method was used at 298 National Disease Surveillance Points(DSPs).A total of 51778 adults aged 60 and over received a standardized questionnaire,physical examinations,and laboratory tests for blood lipid & glucose levels.The body mass index(BMI)was used for obesity measurement and waist circumference(WC)for central obesity measurement.After weighting adjustment of the sample,the prevalence of obesity and central obesity was compared between different genders,among different age groups,and among different regions.The unconditional Logistic regression model was applied to analyze the relationships of five selected chronic diseases with BMI and WC.Population attributable fractions (AFP)were also calculated.Results Among the elderly,the prevalence of obesity and central obesity was 13.2 ％ and 55.4 ％,respectively.Both were higher in women(16.3％ and 64.4％)than in men(9.9％ and 46.0％)and higher in the urban areas (15.6％ and 62.0％) than in the rural areas (12.0％ and 52.1％) (all P ＜ 0.05).The increased prevalence of five common chronic diseases was correlated with increased BMI and WC(all P＜0.05).After adjustment for confounders,obesity was associated with increased prevalence of hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,and stroke (ORs:1.43-2.68,AFP s:0.05-0.18);central obesity was associated with increased prevalence of the five chronic diseases (ORs:1.35-1.88,AFPs:0.16-0.33)Conclusions High prevalence of obesity and central obesity can be seen in aged women and the urban elderly population.Obesity and central obesity are both related to hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,and stroke.Besides,central obesity is also associated with myocardial infarction.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of hearing loss among community-dwelling older people aged 60 and over, and also to compare the discrepancies between self-reported hearing loss and hearing loss diagnosed via audiometry.Methods:Subjects were from the Prevention and Intervention on Neurodegenerative Disease for the Elderly in China(PINDEC)project.By using the stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling method, a total of 10 347 residents aged 60 years and over were selected from 12 counties and districts in Liaoning, Henan and Guangdong Provinces and hearing function assessment was performed in 2020 through otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry and questionnaires.Hearing loss(HL)was defined by the World Health Organization criteria.Self-reported hearing loss was assessed by asking participants whether they had difficulty in hearing.The χ2 and Cochran-Armitage trend tests were used to analyze the differences in HL between different groups.The multivariate Logistic regression model was applied to assess factors influencing HL. Results:In 2020, the prevalence of HL among the elderly aged 60 and older in Liaoning, Henan and Guangdong Provinces was 69.8%(95% CI: 68.9%-70.7%). The prevalence of HL in men was higher than that in women, and increased gradually with age.The prevalence of mild HL was 47.2%, and the prevalence of moderate, severe and profound HL were 18.0%, 3.6% and 0.9%, respectively.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that factors positively correlated with HL were aging, male sex, living in rural areas and working in manual labor.Education level was negatively correlated with HL.Of the 7223 participants who were found to have HL, 5106(70.7%)self-reported having good hearing.Those of a younger age, with a higher educational achievement, having a spouse, or with mild HL were more likely to report having good hearing(all P<0.05). Conclusions:Hearing loss is quite prevalent among community-dwelling older people, and there is a large discrepancy in prevalence between self-reported HL and HL diagnosed via audiometry.Screening and comprehensive intervention for hearing loss for the elderly should be strengthened.

Objective: To analyze the decline of activities of daily living (ADL) ability and influencing factors over a period of 2 years in community-dwelling older adults in China. Methods: The study subjects were from the project of Prevention and Intervention on Neurodegenerative Disease for Elderly in China of 2015-2017 to select the samples. In 2015, a total of 23 803 community- dwelling residents adults, aged ≥60 years old, came from both urban and rural areas, were selected through a stratified multi-stage cluster sampling in 6 provinces and joint baseline survey. The follow-up was conducted in 2017 to collect the related information using the same questionnaires and examinations. Finally, 18 785 elderly people were included in this analysis after excluding those who were died, failed to follow up, had incomplete data cases or defined as ADL disability at baseline survey. The post-stratification weight on the sample data was done by using the 6^th national population census data as the standard, the rates of ADL/basic activities of daily living (BADL)/instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disabilities over 2 years were calculated and compared among the elderly with different characteristics. Multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors associated with BADL/IADL disabilities. Results: During the 2-year follow-up, ADL disability developed in 1 959 participants with a rate of 12.0% (1.6% for BADL disability and 10.4% for IADL disability only). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for BADL disability included increased age, obesity, comorbidity and cognitive impairment. The risk factors for only IADL disability included increased age, being female, lower weight and cognitive impairment. Compared with illiterates, the educated had lower risk for only IADL disability. Compared with those with normal weight, overweight and obese old people had lower risk for only IADL disabilities. Conclusion Increased age and cognitive impairment were associated with the increased risk for BADL and IADL disabilities. Older people with comorbidities had higher risk for BADL disability. Obesity increased the risk of BADL disability, but decreased the risk for IADL disability in older people. Women had a higher risk for IADL disability compared with men. Being educated was associated with lower risk of IADL disability.