Cholecystokinin(CCK) is one of the first discovered gastrointestinal hormones and one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain. CCK , as a neurotransmitter or modulator, is involved in many different biological processes. This review presents an updated overview of the anatomical distribution of CCK in brain, the changes of cerebral CCK gene expression and CCK level during brain injury, the neuroprotective effects of CCK and its underlying mechanisms.

The DNA damage, caused by cigarette smoking, can cause airway cell apoptosis and death, which may be associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, just 20%-30% smokers develop COPD, which suggests that different degrees of DNA repair cause different outcomes in smokers. X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1), a base excision repair protein, has multiple roles in repairing ROS-mediated, basal DNA damage and single-strand DNA breaks. The present study investigated the association between polymorphism in XRCC1 (Arg399Gln) and susceptibility of COPD. A total of 201 COPD cases and 309 controls were recruited and frequency-matched on age and sex. XRCC1 genotype was determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Overall, compared with those with the XRCC1 Arg/Arg genotype, the risk for COPD had no significant difference among individuals with Trp/Trp genotype. However, after stratifying by smoking status, in former smokers, compared with those with the XRCC1 Arg/Arg genotype, the risk for COPD was significantly reduced among individuals with Trp/Trp genotype (adjusted OR=0.22, 95% CI 0.06-0.85, P=0.028); after stratifying by smoking exposure, in light smokers, compared with those with the XRCC1 Arg/Arg genotype, the risk for COPD was significantly reduced among individuals with Arg/Trp genotype and Trp/Trp genotype (adjusted OR=0.39, 95% CI 0.16-0.94, P=0.036; 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.79, P=0.019, respectively). In conclusion, XRCC1 Arg194Trp genotype is associated with a reduced risk of developing COPD among former and light smokers.

ObjectiveTo present 4 cases of primary c ar cinoid tumor of urinary bladder and to discuss the characteristics,diagnosis,tre atment and prognosis.MethodsA retrospective study of p athological and clinical data of 4 cases of primary bladder carcinoid tumor was made.Three were male patients and 1 female with an average age of 58.Two cases w ere considered as benign carcinoid tumor whereas the other 2 carcinoid of high malignancy.All of them presented macroscopic or microscopic hematuria but with no carcinoid syndrome noted.ResultsOne case of maligna nt carcinoid tumor with deep muscle invasion underwent radical cystoprostatectom y and adjurvent chemotherapy,but the prognosis was poor (died 5 months after the operation).Transurethral resection were performed for 2 cases of benign carcino id tumor and 1 case of focal malignant carcinoid with good prognosis.ConclusionsThe primary carcinoid tumor of urinary bladder has no specific symptoms,and should be diagnosised on histopathologic studies.Surgical intervention is the mainstay to treat the disease but the prognosis is hard to b e predicted.

AIM: To examine the effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: By using the suture model of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of CCK-8 and proglumide, nonselective CCK receptors antagonist, on the infarct size, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and the levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in different brain regions of rats subjected to 1 h focal cerebral ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion. RESULTS: (1) pretreatment with different doses of CCK-8 (0.3 ?g,1.0 ?g,2.0 ?g or 4.0 ?g) could attenuate the infarct size, but the statistically significant effects of CCK-8 were obtained only at the doses of 1.0 ?g and 2.0 ?g(P

OBJECTIVE To study and develop an effervescent disinfection tablet with low chlorine smell.METHODS The specially tiny smashing technology and the high molecular complexon technology were applied to make the tablet after mixing the complex organic chlorine powder made by a special technoloy with the effervescent agent.RESULTS No chlorine was detected by examining the disinfection solution with 4000 mg/L available chlorine,but it was 0.997 mg/m3 for the symclosene(trichloroisocyanuric acid) disinfection tablet.The sterilization,toxicology,sanitary examination,etc all met the disinfectant standards made by the Ministry of Health.CONCLUSIONS "Aiershi" brand disinfection tablet is one kind of disinfectants with low chlorine smell.Its compound disinfection fluid,is without chlorine smell nearly.It is unharmful to the human body and the environment.And it highly praises by thousand hospitals using it for more than two years.It has been one of items of scientific and technological achievement of Shanghai municipal government.The use of low chlorine disinfection tablet could be expanded.

Objective:To investigate the effect of TNF-αand IFN-γon NIT-1 cells apoptosis and the apoptosis mechan-ism.Methods:NIT-1 cells were exposed to a combination of TNF-αand IFN-γtreatment.The viability of NIT-1 cells was assessed via MTT assay.The morphological changes of the cells and nuclei were observed under the inverted or confocal laser scanning microscope with Hoechst 33258 staining.The activation of Caspase-8,-3 and PARP was detected by Western blot.Results:TNF-αand IFN-γsig-nificantly inhibited NIT-1 cells viability, promoted cells apoptosis, induced the activation of Caspase-8,-3 and PARP cleavage.Conclusion:TNF-αcombined with IFN-γtreatment induced the apoptosis of NIT-1 cells through death receptor pathway.

Objective To investigate clinical interns' mastery and understanding status of medical core systems in order to provide reference for formulating training programs. Methods The questionnaires including medical core systems trained and self-assessment and test paper were de-signed. Then survey was carried out among 188 clinical interns of Grade 2009 of Zunyi Medical Col-lege at the end of training. All data were obtained, collected and analyzed with Excel and a SPSS 17.0. The result was described with percentage. Results ①78/41.34% and 117/62.33% clinical interns accepted training of medical core systems respectively before or during clinic training. 74/39.43%hos-pitals or 70/37.30% departments were systematically trained by medical core systems and the propor-tion of teachers who systematically or non-systematically explained medical core systems for clinical interns was 42/22.29%and 61/32.37%respectively.②The clinical interns who mastered first diagnosis responsibility systems, patient communication system, and systems of discussing difficult cases were 178/94.68%, 178/90.43%or 168/89.36%. The clinical interns who mastered rescue systems in critically ill patients, surgical classification management systems and audit system in clinical blood transfusion were 84/44.68%, 67/35.64%or 34/18.28%respectively.③8/6.90%interns fully grasped the core system of the medical situation. 165/87.71% and 165/83.43% clinical interns believed medical core systems should be mastered and 157 interns (83.43%) thought that mastering medical core system can help them better adapt to clinical medical work. Conclusion Systematic training of medical core system should be enhanced for clinical interns and mastering medical core systems is better for their future.

AIM:To investigate the maturation of mice immature myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) induced by antigen(Ag)85B of mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the expression of TSLPR and OX40L mediated by TSLP in vitro. METHODS:Recombinant mouse GM-CSF ( rmGM-CSF) and rmIL-4 were used to induce bone marrow precursor cells of C57BL/6 mice to differentiate into immature mDCs in vitro.mDCs were identified followed by purification using CD 11c binding magnetic beads .The morphological characteristic of mDCs was observed under inverted phase-contrast microscope and scanning electron microscope .The surface phenotypes of mDCs were determined by flow cytometry .To obtain the opti-mal concentrations of Ag85B and TSLP, immature mDCs were cultured with different concentrations of Ag 85B or TSLP at 0 (control group), 50, 100 and 200 μg/L for 24 h, and the expression of cell surface molecules CD 80, CD86, TSLPR and OX40L was detected by flow cytometry.In addition, the expression of TSLPR and OX40L in Ag85B and TSLP-co-stimula-ted mDCs was determined by flow cytometry .RESULTS:After 7 d of culture in vitro, the cells showed irregular dendritic protrusions under the inverted-phase contrast microscope , and had wrinkles and dendritic splits under scanning electron mi-croscope , conformed to the morphological characteristics of immature mDCs .The mDCs cells expressed higher level of spe-cific marker CD11c, lower level of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, which conformed to the phenotype of imma-ture mDCs.The CD80 +and CD86 +cell ratios of mDCs displayed significant increases in 50, 100 and 200μg/L Ag85B or TSLP groups compared with control group (P<0.05).The ratios of TSLPR +and OX40L+cells did not differ among dif-ferent concentrations of Ag 85B groups.The ratios of TSLPR +and OX40L+cells were significantly increased in 100 μg/L and 200μg/L TSLP groups compared with control group and 50μg/L TSLP group (P<0.05).Under the circumstance of optimal Ag85B or TSLP treatment concentration at 200 μg/L, there was significantly decreased in TSLPR and OX 40L cell ratio of mDCs in Ag85B group or Ag85B combined with TSLP group when compared with TSLP group (P<0.05), and no significant difference among Ag85B group, Ag85B combined with TSLP group and control group was observed .CONCLU-SION: Ag85B enhances mDCs maturation by up-regulating the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory specific molecules TSLPR and OX40L on TSLP-activated mDCs, indicating that Ag85B modifies the development of asthmatic airway inflammation through the pathway of TSLP -activated mDCs.

In order to investigate the species and categorization of Gasterophilus in Ili horse.We analysised the COI gene of the identified Gasterophilus dominant species and constructed NJ phylogenetic tree in the study.The results showed that infection rate was 100％ in total of 16 775 the third phase Gasterophilus instar larvae.Four Gasterophilus species were identified,and showed serious mix infections.Dominant species were Gasterophilus nasalis,its relative dominance were 53.17％,and prefer to live in the cardia,others to irregular live in the pylorus of the horses.COI gene homology of GasterophiIus nasalis,Gasterophilus intestinalis,Gasterophilus pecorum,Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis (GenBank Accession No.:GU265752.1,KR230402.1,KU578262.1,KT946620.1) were 99％,99％,99％ and 100％ respectively.Phylogenetic analysis results showed that the data were clustered with the Gasterophilus app.which publshed on the GenBank.G.intestinalis and G.haemorrhoidalis cluster together first,and then cluster with G.nasalis,at last all three kinds of Gasterophilus cluster with G.pecorum.When the COI gene is the target,in-group and out-group of the Gasterophilus can forms an independent evolutionary branch.This study provides useful parameters for the classification of Gasterophilus.

AIM: To investigate the binding characteristics of cholecystokinin receptors in rat pulmonary interstitial macrophages (PIMs). METHODS: The PIMs were isolated from rat lung tissues, purified using the collagenase digestion method combined with alveolar lavage and pulmonary vessel perfusion. The PIM membrane was obtained by supercentrifuge. Receptors for CCK in PIMs were examined using [~3H] labeled CCK-8S as ligand. The specificity of [~3H]-CCK-8S binding to PIMs membrane and the subtypes of CCK receptors were determined by competitive inhibition experiments with CCK-8S, CCK-A and CCK-B receptors selective antagonists (CR1409 and CR2945). The effects of time and incubation temperature on the specific binding were also observed. RESULTS: The specific binding of [~3H]-CCK-8S was not detected in normal rat PIMs, but was detected in the rat administrated with LPS for 48 h. The capacity of ligand-receptor binding was dependent on the incubation temperature and time. Scatchard analysis of the saturation curves suggested that the presence of CCK receptors with high affinity [Kd=(0.68?0.28)mmol/L] and low binding capacity [Bmax=(32.50?2.70) pmol?g~(-1) protein] in PIMs. By means of competitive inhibition studies, the specific binding of [~3H]-CCK-8S to rat PIMs was inhibited by unlabelled CCK-8S [IC_(50)=(3.20?1.13) nmol/L], CCK-AR specific antagonist CR 1 409 [IC_(50)=(0.19?0.06)?mol/L] and CCK-BR specific antagonist CR 2945[IC_(50)=(2.30?0.80)nmol/L]. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the presence of two subtypes of CCK-AR and CCK-BR and provide a structural basis for CCK to play a pivotal role in PIMs.