DNA methylation is an important epigenetic system. It plays many crucial roles in the gene regulation. With the development of the high-throughput detection techniques, the bioinformatics study has been an active hot topic in the research of DNA methylation. The major achievements and progress on the prediction of DNA methylation status, the mechanism that the majority of CpG islands are resistant to DNA methylation, the relationship between DNA methylation and other epigenetics, as well as the association between aberrant DNA methylation and the tumorigenesis were reviewed in this article.

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Acetabular fracture is an intra-articular fracture, and its treatment principle is also equivalent to that of intra-articular fracture, namely anatomical reduction of articular surface and firm fixation. Therefore, the choice of surgical approach is of great importance to the surgical exposure, reduction quality and fixation effect of acetabular fracture, which directly affects the surgical curative effect. Proper surgical approach is not only good for clear surgical exposure, easy operation, and ideal reduction quality and fixation effect, but also has great advantages in shortening the operation time, reducing intraoperative bleeding, reducing surgical trauma and avoiding surgical complications. The selection of surgical approach for acetabular fractures is closely related to the fracture injury mechanism, fracture classification, and clinical manifestations, etc.. The surgical efficacy depends on the fracture reduction quality, fixation effect, and surgical trauma degree, etc., which are closely related to the selection of surgical approach. At present, the alternative surgical approaches are generally divided into anterior approach and posterior approach. However, due to the complexity of acetabular fractures, no single surgical approach can fit all acetabular fractures, and each approach has its own indications, advantages and disadvantages.

In the era of outbreaking of antibiotic resistance, the discovery of new antibacterial drugs is emergent.Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the natural defenses of most living organisms against invading pathogens.The unique antibacterial mechanism, direct bactericidal effect, relatively slow of resistance acquirement, and can used alone or combined with antibiotics, make antimicrobial peptides be attractive potential antibacterial drugs.In this paper, we review the physicochemical property of antibacterial peptides, action mechanism and design of antimicrobial peptides, and give a brief introduction of several promising antimicrobial peptides.

Objective To explore the biomechanical mechanism of long-term complication of cervical spinal operations by measuring pressure changes of zygapophysial joints using pressure sensitive film (PSF) after cervical spine anterior operations. Methods C4,5 anterior discectomy and C4,5 anterior plate fixation were done on 10 fresh adult cervical spine specimens (C2～T1). PSF was put into zygapophysial joints and pressure changes were measured in positions of extension, left/right lateral bending and axial rotation on a universal testing machine. Results After cervical spine anterior operations, pressure of the adjacent facet joints increased. The differences were significant in extension and axial rotation (P

Objective To investigate the effect of β-elemene on SGC7901 gastric cancer cell line and the potential proteins involved. Methods Human SGC7901 gastric cancer cells were treated with different concentrations ofβ-elemene.Cell viability was assessed.A proteomic method,isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ),was employed to detect the proteins altered by β-elemene.Protein expression was validated by Western blot.Results β-elemene inhibited the viability of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner.Altogether,147 upregulated proteins and 86 downregulated proteins were identified in response to β-elemene treatment in SGC7901 gastric cancer cell line.Among them,the expressions of p21-activated protein kinase-interacting protein 1 (PAK1IP1 ),Bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1 (BTF)and topoisomerase 2-alpha (TOPIIα)were validated by Western blot and the trends were consistent with iTRAQ results.Top pathways involved inβ-elemene treatment in SGC7901 gastric cancer cell line included ribosome signaling,peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)signaling pathway,regulation of actin cytoskeleton,phagosome,biosynthesis and metabolism of some amino acids.Conclusion Our results suggest a promising therapeutic role of β-elemene for gastric cancer.The differentially expressed proteins give us better insights into the potential mechanisms involved in gastric cancer treatment using β-elemene.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of the 3D-CTA (three-dimensional computed tomography angiography)assisted design of finger reconstruction the second toe.Methods Between June 2010 and January 2013,five patients with finger defect received 3D-CTA assisted finger reconstruction surgeries using the second toe.Preoperative ipsilateral foot and hand 3D-CTAs were conducted and the 3D digital models were analyzed.The accurate positions and adjacent relations of vessels in both donor and recipient site were precisely marked and then the calibers of the vessels were measured.Four cases received thumb reconstructions and 1 case received little finger reconstruction.All of these surgeries were second-stage.According to Gu Yudong's classification of finger defect:second degree 2 cases,third degree 2 cases,five degree 1 case(little finger).Results With the help of 3D-CTA,five patients in this group had no vascular crisis,and all fingers survived successfully.With 4-12 months' follow-up,the algesthesia and thalposis of the reconstructed fingers gained good recoveries.The two-point discrimination was 5-10 mm.Tthe range of flexion of interphalangeal joint was 10 °-30 °.The range of flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints was 35 °-80 °.And all patients restored walking and bearing functions with 3 months after surgeries.Conclusion The 3D-CTA reconstruction based digital model of ipsilateral foot and hand can objectively reflect the real situation of the vessels in both donor sites and recipient sites (exist of variations,routes and the calibers of the vessels),thus improve the success rate of surgery.

The mechanism of injury of acetabular fractures is the bone structure damage caused by the impact of the femoral head. Surgical treatment of acetabular fracture aims to match the femoral head in exact congruence with the acetabulum and maintain joint stability. Due to the special anatomical structure of the hip joint and the occlusion of the femoral head, the selection of surgical approach is related to the surgical field as well as the quality of reduction and fixation, thus directly affecting the clinical efficacy. An appropriate surgical approach has great advantages in reducing operation time, intraoperative bleeding, trauma and complications. Typical approaches for acetabular fractures include anterior approaches and posterior approaches. However, each approach has its own indications and it's not capable of treating all acetabular fractures due to the anatomical complexity of the hip joint and the diversity of the fractures. The author explores the anatomical characteristics, indications, and the selection strategies of various surgical approaches, so as to provide a reference for clinicians to deal with acetabular fractures.

Objective:To evaluate the anterior expansion of sacral foramen and decompression of sacral plexus via the lateral-rectus approach (LRA) in the surgical treatment of sacral fractures complicated with sacral plexus injury.Methods:From January 2013 to June 2018, 11 patients were treated at Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University for obsolete sacral fractures complicated with sacral plexus injury. They were 8 males and 3 females, aged from 17 to 54 years (average, 38 years). According to the Denis classification, all the sacral fractures belonged to Denis Zone Ⅱ. According to British Medical Research Council (BMRC) grading system, the nerve injury was complete damage in 2 cases and partial damage in 9. The mean time from injury to surgery was 6 months (range, from 0.7 to 12.0 months). After the sacroiliac joint was exposed via the LRA, the lumbosacral trunk was exposed and released between iliac vessels and the iliopsoas. Next, the S1 foramen was expanded and the S1 nerve root was released after separation of the median sacral artery and the internal iliac artery. Reduction and fixation of the sacroiliac joint was carried out for patients with unstable sacral fracture. X-ray and CT examinations of the pelvis were performed to evaluate fracture healing and neurological function recovery postoperatively.Results:Of this cohort of 11 cases, operation succeeded in 10 but failed in one whose sacral fracture was found to have completely healed with the S1 foramina totally occluded. The surgical time averaged 110 min (range, from 70 to 220 min) and the blood loss 1, 100 mL (range, from 450 to 2, 800 mL). Postoperative X-ray and CT examinations showed that the sacral foramens were expanded significantly without any complications. The follow-up time averaged 18 months (range, from 12 months to 4 years). By the BMRC grading system at the last follow-up, the neural function was completely recovered in 5 cases, partially recovered in 4 cases and not recovered in one.Conclusion:Significant anterior expansion of sacral foramen and decompression of sacral plexus via the LRA is a viable and effective alternative for treatment of sacral fractures complicated with sacral plexus injury.

Objective:To explore the efficacyof direct anterior approach (DAA) combined with direct posterior approach (DPA) for the treatment of Pipkin IV fracture.Methods:Data of 18 patients with Pipkin IV fracture treated through DAA combined with DPA from January 2016 to April 2019 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 13 males and 5 females, with an average age of 43.2 years (range,19-56 years). Fractures were caused by traffic accident in 15 and by falling in 3. The fracture lines of 13 cases were located below the fovea of the femoral head and 5 cases were located above the fovea. According to Letournel-Judet classification for acetabular fractures, there were 14 cases of posterior acetabular wall fractures, 2 cases of posterior wall fractures involving posterior column, and 2 transverse plus posterior wall fractures. The operation was performed through DAA approach to treat the femoral head fractures, and DPA approach was used to treat acetabular fractures. Radiographs and CT scans of the pelvis were reexamined after surgery, and fracture reduction, healing, and complications such as femoral head necrosis, sciatic nerve injury, superior gluteal neurovascular injury and heterotopic ossification were evaluated. Quality of acetabular reduction was evaluated according to the criteria proposed by Matta. Thompson-Epstein scoring system was used to evaluate hip function.Results:The average operation time was 133 min (range, 75-205 min). And the average blood loss was 371 ml (range, 240-600 ml). All 18 patients were followed up for 6 to 36 months, with an average period of 15.7 months. All fractures healed 10 to14 weeks after surgery. Three patients had symptoms of sciatic nerve injury after the injury, who recovered 6 to 12 weeks after the operation. All femoral head fractures were reduced. According to Matta criteria of reduction quality, anatomic reduction was gained in 13 cases, and satisfactory reduction was obtained in 3 cases, while unsatisfactory reduction was found in 2 cases, and the overall satisfactory rate was 88.9%(16/18). Two patients had Brooker I level heterotopic ossification. There was no iatrogenic vascular injury, avascular necrosis of femoral head, infection, internal fixation failure or other complications. According to the Thompson-Epstein scoring system at the latest follow-up, the functional results of the affected hip were excellent in 7 cases, good in 8, fair in 2 and poor in 1.Conclusion:Treatment of Pipkin IV fractures through DAA combined with DPA approach reduces surgical invasion. And it can directly reduce and fix the femoral head and posterior acetabular fracture, and protect the important structures such as the arteriae circumflexa femoris medialis, sciatic nerve and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, and reduce the occurrence of complications such as femoral head necrosis and heterotopic ossification. Therefore, DAA combined with DPA is aneffective method for the treatment of Pipkin IV fractures.