Objective:According to the technical standard of ISO and current regulations in China, the X/γ standard calibration quality for the finger-ring dosimeter irradiation was established in Beijing SSDL, it can ensure the traceability of surveillance data within countrywide.Methods: Air kerma-rate was determined in the X-ray beams,137Cs and60Co by a standard dosimeter, combined transfer coefficientHp(0.07) provided by standards, and confirmed condition of X/γ standard calibration quality for the finger-ring dosimeter irradiation. Using finger-ring TLD dosimeter verified the radiation beam qualities Hp on the ISO finger-phantom.Results: The linearity and energy response of the TLD dosimeter met ISO and national standard in Beijing SSDL.Conclusion: The X/γ standard radiation field can be used for the calibration of finger-ring dosimeter standard curves and experiment of research, and can further promote the comparability and reliability of the surveillance data.

Objective:To complete experiments of the energy response compensation for three semiconductor personal dosimeters in order to meet the requirements of IEC and National Standard.Methods: In Beijing SSDL, the semiconductor detectors were covered by the different thicknesses of Pb and Sn additional filters with several diameter holes to compensate the dosimeters’ energy response.Results: At the 50 keV-Cs-137 energy range, the measuring error of dosimeters is met within 30% of energy response.Conclusion:By the compensation of combined Pb and Sn filters with a hole, the semiconductor personal dosimeters can be used for radiation monitoring.

Several important issues about internal strength massage and Shaolin Internal Qigong were discussed in this article, which verified the following aspects:Shaolin Internal Qigong was written into the massage textbook formally in 1960; Special material Shaolin Internal Qigong was first proposed in 1963; Internal strength massage schools were first proposed in 1979's National Massage Symposium. The author holds that Shaolin Internal Qigong is not the Kungfu from Shaolin Temple, and it has nothing to do with Dharma; Shaolin Internal Qigong of Massage exercises belongs to external Gong, the internal Qigong content of Xingqi Neishi need to be excavated; The method of stick-beating with mulberry stick of Internal Strength Massage is closely related to the patting method of Yi Jin Jing school in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and Zhen Ting method ofThe Golden Mirror of Medicine.

Objective:According to the requirement of ISO and National Standard, new X-ray environmental standard for the calibration of environmental dosimeter was established in Beijing SSDL. Methods:Half value layer and air kerma dose-rate was determined in the X-ray environmental qualities by a standard dosimeter. Results: The technical requirement of ISO and National Standard are met within 2% for the X-ray environmental standard qualities in Beijing SSDL. Conclusion:The X-ray standard radiation field can be used for the calibration of environmental dosimeters and experiment of research.

Objective:To establish the X-ray standard was used to calibrate Hp(3) dosimeter in order to satisfy the requirement of eye-lens dose equivalents for the radiological occupational staff.Methods:The conventional values (Hp(3)) on the reference point of the narrow beams of X-ray fields were obtained by means of the product of air kerma (Kair) and the conversion coefficients (hp(3,ɑ)) recommended by ICRP116 recommendation. And these researches can be used by standard ionization chamber dosimeter. Finally, provided the conventional true value Hp(3) at calibrate point.Results:The standards and calibration program of calibrations eye-lens dose equivalent dosimeter were established under the X-ray radiation field. The detection error between slab phantom recommended by ISO and head phantom recommended by the 116th publication of ICRP was lower when the TLD was used to detect result.Conclusions:The standards for calibration Hp(3) dosimeters can satisfy the requirement of calibration for radiological occupational staff. It also provides theoretical foundation for detection data that assessed Hp(3) dosimeters and then improves trace ability and reliability of detection data of Hp(3) in national radiation supervision and inspection network.

OBJECTIVETo assess the pathologic markers for evaluation of reversibility in pulmonary hypertension (PAH) related to congenital heart disease.

METHODSTwenty-eight patients with congenital heart disease complicated by PAH were subclassified into reversible pulmonary hypertension (RPAH) and irreversible pulmonary hypertension (IPAH), according to post-operative mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP). Pulmonary vascular lesion was analyzed according to Ruan's method. Mean medium thickness percent, mean medium area percent and pulmonary arteriolar density were measured by quantitative morphometry. Immunohistochemical study for transgelin and filamin A was carried out.

RESULTSAmongst the 28 cases studied, 24 were RPAH and 4 were IPAH. Of the 24 patients with RPAH, 13 (54.2%, 13/24) had pulmonary vascular lesion of grade 0, 9 (37.5%, 9/24) of grade 1 and 2 (8.3%, 2/24) of grade 2. Of the 4 patients with IPAH, 1 had lesion of grade 1, 1 of grade 2 and 2 of grade 3. Both preoperative and postoperative MPAP were higher in IPAH patients than that in RPAH patients[(53.3±23.4) mmHg versus (34.1±12.7) mmHg, P=0.020 and (35.0±8.8) mmHg versus (17.8±3.9) mmHg, P<0.01]. Compared to patients with pulmonary vascular lesion of grades 0 and 1, the preoperative MPAP in patients with grades 2 and 3 showed no significant difference, but the postoperative MPAP was higher (P<0.05 or 0.01). Compared to control group, mean medium thickness percent and mean medium area percent were significantly higher in RPAH and IPAH categories (12.0±3.5, 8.5±2.0 versus 5.7±1.0, P<0.01 and 55.8±11.1, 49.0±9.4 versus 34.0±5.5, P<0.01). Mean medium thickness percent was significantly higher in IPAP group than that in RPAH group (12.0±3.5 versus 8.5±2.0, P=0.001). Correlation analysis demonstrated that mean medium thickness percent and mean medium area percent had positive correlation with preoperative and postoperative MPAP. There was no correlation between grading of pulmonary vascular lesion and reversibility. Transgelin and filamin A had stronger staining in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells in IPAH than those in RPAH and controls(P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSPathologic assessment of lung biopsy remains the gold standard for evaluation of the reversibility in PAH related to congenital heart disease. Mean medium thickness percent, mean medium area percent and immunoreactivity for transgelin and filamin A are useful parameters.

Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Biopsy ; Filamins ; metabolism ; Heart Diseases ; complications ; pathology ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; complications ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Lung ; pathology ; Microfilament Proteins ; metabolism ; Muscle Proteins ; metabolism

Objective To assess the dietary intake status of Chinese lactating women during the first month postpartum. Methods Data were extracted from Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance, children aged 0-5 years and lactating women (2013). A total of 55 counties from 30 provinces in China (excluding the Tibet Autonomous Region) were selected using a multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling method. A group of 3 623 lactating women, at 1-6 months after delivery, were investigated in the study. The semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect information on frequencies and amounts of food consumed. Differences in food consumption rates and dietary intake in lactating women having different characteristics were analyzed and compared. Results To eliminate abnormal values, 3 300 lactating women were included in the study. During the first month postpartum, food types with higher consumption rates were animal products (98.2%,3 239) and vegetables (90.7%,2 987), in addition to cereals (100%) and liquids (100%). The consumption rate of fruits was 67.4%(2 222) and the lowest consumption rate was for dairy products (38.3%, 1 262). The median intake of cereals, vegetables, fruits and animal products were 247.8, 150.0, 40.0 and 178.6 g/d, respectively. The daily median intake of dairy products and soybean/nut products was 0.0 g/d. Overall, the lactating women consumed 895.7 ml/d liquids. About 49.3% (1 627) of the subjects consumed less than the recommended intake for animal products in Chinese Dietary Guideline (2016). More than 50% of the lactating women consumed less than the recommended intakes for the other types of food, especially dairy, soybean/nut and liquids. The consumption rates for dairy products were 26.9%, 29.4%, 31.8% and 33.8% and those for soybean/nut products were 33.9% , 35.8% , 37.5% and 41.7% for the lactating women living in rural areas, with educations at junior high school level and below, with average family incomes under 15 000 yuan per capita in 2012 and who work as household mothers, respectively. These consumption rates for dairy and soybean/ nuts were significantly lower than those in women living in cities (48.4%, 55.0%), with an education level of senior high school or above (48.8%, 55.7%), with average family income over 15 000 yuan per capita in 2012 (45.5% , 52.8% ) and who work outside the home (43.7% , 49.4% ). P values were <0.05 for all comparisons. Conclusion The daily intake of all foods by lactating women during the first month postpartum was lower than the levels recommended in Chinese Dietary Guideline (2016). The consumption rate of dairy and soybean/nut products during this time period was low, especially for those living in rural areas, with education levels of junior high school and below, with average family incomes less than 15 000 yuan per capita in 2012 and who are housemothers.

Objective To analyze serum vitamin D levels in Chinese lactating women, in 2013, and to evaluate their vitamin D nutritional status and influencing factors. Methods Data were from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. Using the multistage stratified cluster sampling method, serum samples from lactating women, at 0-24 months postpartum, were obtained from 55 sites in 30 provinces of China, excluding the Tibet Autonomous Region. The concentration of serum vitamin D was determined by mass spectroscopy. A standard questionnaire was used to obtain basic information and the season of blood collection. Dietary information for one recent month was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. A total of 1 981 lactating women were included in the study. A multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors related to vitamin D levels among lactating women. Results The mean vitamin D level was (16.6±6.5) ng/ml, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) (vitamin D<12 ng/ml) was 25.2% (499 cases) and the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy (12 ng/ml≤vitamin D<20 ng/ml) was 45.4% (900 cases). Compared with in the Han ethnic group, the OR value of VDD was 13.37 for Muslim ethnic women. Compared with women having a junior high school education or below, the OR value of VDD was 1.40 for those women with an educational level of senior high, middle school or above. Compared with housewives or nonworking women, the OR value of VDD was 1.62 for professional women. Compared with women living in general rural settings, the OR values of VDD for women living in large cities, medium and small cities or poor rural settings were 1.99, 1.46 and 2.66 respectively. Compared with the women surveyed in the fall, the OR value of VDD was 2.19 for the women surveyed in winter or spring. The VDD prevalence increased with higher latitude (OR=1.12) and decreased with increased meat consumption per day (OR= 0.73). (P<0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D inadequacy were common in lactating women in China. Those with increased risk of VDD included lactating women who were ethnic Muslims, with higher education levels, engaged in a professional occupation, living in higher latitude region and were surveyed in winter and spring.

Objective To study the prevalence of delayed onset of lactation (later than 3 days) in lactating women in China and to analyze its influencing factors. Methods Data were extracted from Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance-Mothers, from mothers with children under 2 years of age (in 2013). A total of 11 178 women who were lactating or had lactated were selected from 55 counties of 30 provinces (excluding the Tibet Autonomous Region) in China, using the multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling method. Basic information, including onset of lactation, initiation of breastfeeding, breastfeeding difficulties and breastfeeding knowledge were collected using a questionnaire investigation. The prevalence of delayed onset of lactation were analyzed by the weighted processing of complex sampling from the 6th national population census data. A multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with delaged onset of lactation. Results Among 11 178 lactating women, 3 388 had an onset of lactation later than 3 d. The prevalence of delayed onset of lactation was 30.3%. After complex weighting, the prevalence of delayed onset of lactation was 31.2% (95%CI: 25.7%-36.8%) for lactating women in China. Delivery by Caesarean section (OR=1.28, 95%CI:1.06-1.53) and initiating breastfeeding≥4 h (OR=
2.34, 95%CI:1.76-3.11) were the negative factors for delayed onset of lactation. Compared with those living in large cities, lactating women living in medium or small cities (OR=1.39, 95%CI:1.05-1.84) had a higher risk of delayed onset of lactation. Compared with the lactating women doing housework, the risk of delayed onset of lactation was lower (P<0.05) among those whose occupations were as leaders of Enterprises/Institutions (OR=0.68, 95%CI:0.47-0.99), in catering and service trades (OR=0.61, 95%CI:0.43-0.86), in agriculture/forestry/fishery/herdsmen fields (OR=0.65, 95%CI:0.44-0.96) and who were unemployed (OR=0.64, 95%CI:0.46-0.90). Breastfeeding education during pregnancy might lower the risk of delayed onset of lactation (OR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.62-0.98). Conclusion The prevalence of delayed onset of lactation was relatively high for Chinese lactating mothers. Caesarean section and late initiation of breastfeeding were the primary risk factors. Lactating mothers living in medium or small cities and those doing housework appear to be high-priority groups for intervention. Based on our findings, breastfeeding education during pregnancy is recommended to lower the risk of delayed onset of lactation.

Objective To analyze the status of postpartum weight retention and its associated factors among Chinese lactating women in 2013. Methods This study was based on the databank of Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. Using the multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, we enrolled 12 514 women, at 0-24 months postpartum, from 55 sites in 30 provinces of China (excluding the Tibet Autonomous Region). Questionnaires were used to collect data on basic characteristics, physical activity, lifestyle, food intake, pre-pregnancy weight, weight before delivery, disease history during pregnancy, delivery date, delivery mode, parity and breastfeeding information. Current body weight and height of each subject were measured. Postpartum weight retention in each subject was calculated as the difference between pre-pregnancy and current weights. High postpartum weight retention was defined as≥5 kg.