Objective To investigate the effect of medial preoptic area ( mPOA) destruction on the anesthesia induced with propofol and ketamine and the role of mPOA in the mechanism of anesthesia. Methods Twenty-four SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into two groups: NS group ( n = 12) and NMDA destruction group ( n = 12) . The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (ip) pentobarbital 40 mg?kg-1. A hole was drilled in the skull fixed by a stereotactic apparatus (Narishige). 0.5?l of normal saline (NS) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was injected into mPOA. The rats were observed for changes in behaviour and body weight. On the 7 th day after NS or NMDA injection each group was further divided into 2 subgroups receiving either propofol 100 mg?kg-1 or ketamine 100 mg?kg-1 ip. The latency of loss of righting reflex (RL)(time from end of ip injection to loss of righting reflex) and recovery time (RT) were recorded. Results There were no significant changes in behaviour and body weight after mPOA injection in NS group; while animals in NMDA-destruction group showed increased excitability , irritability and activity and decreased appetite and sleep and significant weight loss after mPOA injection. RL was significantly longer and RT was significantly shorter after propofol/ketamine ip injection in NMDA destruction group than those in NS group. Conclusion mPOA is probably involved in anesthesia induced with propofol and ketamine.

In industrial glutamate fermentation, intermitted feeding glucose with the help of off-line glucose measurement is generally necessary. This kind of feeding strategy could cause large variations in glucose concentration so that it is not favorable for the achievement of efficient and stable glutamate fermentation. Glutamate fermentation is characterized with typical non-growth association behavior, and during glutamate production phase glucose consumption is closely correlated with ammonia consumption. In this study, glucose concentration was controlled at various pre-determined levels by predicting glucose consumption amount and thus its concentration with the aid of on-line monitoring ammonia consumption. When glucose concentration was controlled around a lower level of 5 g/L~10 g/L, the final glutamate concentration could reach a relatively higher level of 80 g/L. In this way, the huge osmotic stress change due to the large glucose concentration variation with the intermitted feeding method could be avoided and the glutamate fermentation performance enhancement be expected.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changing laws of serum high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in septic rats and intervention effect of Xuebijing on it.

METHODSLipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg BW) was intravenously injected into the tail vein of healthy male Wistar rats to prepare the sepsis rat model. In Experiment 1: 50 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, i.e., the normal group (A, n=10); the LPS model group (B, n=10), the LPS +Xuebijing treatment group (C, n=30). Rats in the C group were further divided into three subgroups, i.e., 2 h before LPS injection (group C1), 2 h after LPS injection (group C2), and 8 h after LPS injection (group C3), 10 in each group. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein to detect serum HMGB1 levels by Western blot at 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after LPS injection. Experiment 2: 30 Wistar rats were equally divided into the LPS model group (D) and the LPS + Xuebijing treatment group (E), 15 in each group. They were treated as rats in the B group and the C1 group respectively. Five rats were sacrificed at 12, 24, and 48 h after LPS injection in the two groups. Blood as well as the tissue samples were harvested to measure such indices as ALT, AST, Cr, and BUN, as well as pathological changes of liver, lung, and kidney.

RESULTS(1) Compared with the A group, serum HMGB1 levels were higher at various time points in the B group (P < 0.05). Compared with the B group, serum HMGB1 levels at 12,24,48, and 72 h decreased in the C1, C2, and C3 groups. Besides, the decrease was more obvious at 24 h and 48 h.The decrement in the C3 group was less than that in the C1 and C2 groups (P < 0.05). (2) In the D group, ALT, AST, Cr, and BUN were significantly higher than those in the A group and reached the peak at 24 h (P < 0.05). Compared with the E group, AST, Cr, and BUN at 24 and 48 h, and ALT at each time point decreased significantly in the E group (P < 0.05). (3)The results of pathological section of liver, lung, and kidney showed local congestion and hemorrhage, cell edema/necrosis/degeneration, infiltration of inflammatory cells, damage of characteristic structures and so on; particularly serious lesion occurred at 24 and 48 h in the D group. The microscopic lesion was obviously alleviated in the E group than in the D group at corresponding time points.

CONCLUSIONSThe serum HMGB1 levels increased in septic rats, with late occurrence of peak value and longer duration of the high value. HMGB1 played an important role in excessive inflammatory response and multiple organ dysfunction. Xuebijing could reduce the serum levels of HMGB1, improve biochemical parameters, and attenuate severe inflammatory response of liver, lung, and kidney tissues in septic rats. Besides, the earlier use, the better effect obtained.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; HMGB1 Protein ; blood ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sepsis ; blood ; drug therapy

Aim To investigate the effects of high glu-cose on cholesterol metabolism in renal tubular cells and the intervention of the anthocyanins. Methods HK-2 cells were grown in the DMEM medium supple-mented with 10% FBS and were divided into 5 groups:normal glucose group, high glucose group, mannitol group, C3G group and Cy group. Effect of anthocya-nins on cell viability was detected with MTT, and cho-lesterol accumulation was detected with Amplex Red Cholesterol Assay kit and Filipin staining. Expression of ABCA1 was detected with RT-qPCR and Western Blot. Results In compared with control groups, HG significantly promoted cholesterol mass inside the cell and decreased the cholesterol concentration in the me-dium after treatment for 24 h or 48 h. The levels of mRNA and protein of ABCA1 were detected with RT-qPCR and Western blot, and both were decreased in the presence of HG. Whereas treatment with C3G and Cy markedly attenuated HG-induced cholesterol mass inside the cell by up-regulating the expression of AB-CA1. Conclusions High glucose can reduce the ex-pressions of the ABCA1, and then decrease cholesterol efflux and increase the cholesterol accumulation in HK-2 cells. Anthocyanins can decrease cholesterol accu-mulation by up-regulating the expression of ABCA1.

Chinese medicine pairs (CMP) are specific compatibility with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory as principle, which was formed on basis of effect and treatment theory of TCM. The compatibility of CMP can enhance the effect, or reduce the toxicity. So, compatibility effects of CMP were studied from different pharmacology levels including animals, tissues and organs, cell and molecular levels, their synergy and compatibility attenuation were also evaluated with monomer component-component (group) compatibility-single herb-CMP-formulae as the main line, and the action mechanisms were investigated, all of which can provide scientific basis for the clinical applications of CMP and creation of TCM new drugs.
Animals ; Drug Interactions ; Drug Synergism ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; adverse effects ; methods

Objective To identify the role of paravertebral muscles in the pathogenesis of scoliosis.MethodsParavertebral muscles were gotten from the 37 patients(12 congenital scoliosis patients and 25 idiopathic scoliosis patients) during the operations.Cryostat sections were cut by 10 μm nd stained with H&E,m-GT,NADH-TR,ATPase.ResultsMyogenic changes,incuding muscle fibrosis,fiber necrosis,etc,were common in paravertebral muscles of scoliosis patients,however regenerating fibers were quite rare.Diffuse fibrosis and remarkablely disorganized fiber directions presented in most of congenital scoliosis patients,while focal fibrosis without necrosis in most of idiopathic scoliosis patients.Neurogenic changes were found in one congenital scoliosis patient and 4 idiopathic scoliosis patients,however four of the five patients had undergone orthopedics.Thickened capsule wall of muscle spindles and connective tissue infiltration in muscle spindles were found in both kinds of scoliosis.ConclusionThere are some differences on pathological changes of paravertebral muscles between congenital scoliosis and idiopathic scoliosis,which indicates that paravertebral muscles may play a special role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis.

AIMTo investigate the effect of diazoxide preconditioning and the role of ERK and JNK in cellular signaling during diazoxide preconditioning protection in isolated spontaneous hypertension rat (SHR) hearts.

METHODSHearts were isolated from male SHR rats, and perfused on a Langendorff apparatus. Five groups were considered (n = 6). Con: after 40 min perfusion the hearts were submitted to 25 min ischemia followed by 30 min reperfusion. IP: the hearts were preconditioned with 2 periods of 5 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion prior to 25 min ischemia. DP: the hearts were preconditioned with 2 periods of 10 min K-H solution with 50 micromol x L(-1) diazoxide and 5 min K-H solution reperfusion prior to 25 min ischemia. 5-HD: perfuse with 100 micromol x L(-1) 5-HD (a special mitochondrial ATP sensitive potassium channel blocker) for 10 min followed by 30 min K-H solution perfusion before 25 min ischemia. 5-HD + DP: 100 micromol x L(-1) 5-HD was given for 10 min before diazoxide preconditioning.

RESULTSDuring reperfusion, comparing with Con group, the recoveries of left ventricle developed pressure (LVDP), + dP/dt(max), - dP/dt(max) and left ventricle end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were improved in IP and DP groups (P < 0.01 vs Con). At the end of reperfusion, compared with Con group, the expression of ERK in myocardium were higher in IP and DP groups (P < 0.01 vs Con), there was no significance between 5-HD and Con group, but 5-HD couldn't inhibit the expression of ERK induced by diazoxide preconditioning. The expression of JNK in IP and DP groups were decreased (P < 0.05 vs Con), this effect could been inhibited by 5-HD.

CONCLUSIONThese results indicated that diazoxide preconditioning could mimic ischemic preconditioning, the activation of ERK expression and the declining of JNK expression involved in diazoxide preconditioning in isolated SHR hearts.

Animals ; Diazoxide ; pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; MAP Kinase Kinase 4 ; metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR

AIMTo observe the effects of lidocaine and thiopental on the neuronal injury induced by the experimental ischemia in hippocampus slice cultures obtained from postnatal 22 days SD rats.

METHODSModel of the experimental ischemia was produced by hypoxia and glucose deprivation. Propidium iodide (PI) assay was used to observe the neuronal injury in CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG).

RESULTSAfter experimental ischemia, the peak of PI index was appeared in CA1 and DG on the first day (P < 0.01), PI index in DG was less than in CA1 (P < 0.01). PI indices were still higher during seven days after the experimental ischemia than before the experimental ischemia (P < 0.01). 10 nmol/L and 100 nmol/L concentration of lidocaine could significantly decrease PI indices in CA1 and DG (P < 0.01). 250 nmol/L and 600 nmol/L concentration of thiopental also decreased the PI indices in CA1 and DG (P < 0.01). The neuronal injury peaks were postponed to the third day after the experimental ischemia by lidocaine and thiopental.

CONCLUSIONIt suggested that lidocaine and thiopental could decrease the neuronal injury in CA1 and DG induced by the experimental ischemia, and postpone the neuronal injury peaks to the third day after the experimental ischemia.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; pathology ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal ; drug effects ; pathology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lidocaine ; pharmacology ; Neurons ; drug effects ; pathology ; Rats ; Thiopental ; pharmacology

In formalin pain model, the effect of propofol on Fos expression in the spinal cord was examined by means of c -fos oncogene immunohistochemistry and NADPH-d histochemistry. Fos-like immunoreactive (FLI) neurons were mainly found in the ipsilateral dorsal horn after injection of formalin, some of which were FLI/NOS double-labeled neurons. Most of the FLI or FLI/NOS double-labeled neurons were observed in the medial part of lamina and the outer lamina . Before or after injection of formain, i.p. injection of propofol significantly decreased the number of FLI and FLI/NOS double-labeled neurons in all laminae (P<0.05 or P<0.01). By single i.p. injection of propofol or normal saline, few FLI neurons were found in the spinal cord. The results suggest that the antinociceptive function of propofol is possibly involved in the depression of the NOS neurons in the spinal cord.
Animals ; Female ; Formaldehyde ; Male ; Neurons ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Pain ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Propofol ; pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; biosynthesis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo observe the rate of efficacy and adverse drug reaction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the population with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, based on available clinical data.

METHODSUsing Meta analysis to evaluate the data of effect and safety profile of NSAIDs from 19 articles on randomized clinical trials published from 1990 to 2001 in Chinese journals. The total number of patients enrolled for evaluation on rates of effectiveness and adverse drug reaction were 1 732 and 2 925, respectively.

RESULTSData on the effect and safety were comparatively heterogeneous among different kinds of NSAIDs. The effective rates (95% CI) were as follows: nabunetone, 66.7% (61.9% - 71.4%); meloxicam, 68.4% (59.2% - 77.6%); naproxen, 64.5% (59.8% - 69.1%); nimesulide, 79.8% (75.7% - 84.0%); ibuprofen, 77.2% (70.7% - 83.8%); diclofenac, 77.1% (69.2% - 85.0%); oxaprozin, 65.8% (59.5% - 72.0%). Rates of adverse drug reaction (95% CI) were as follows: nabunetone, 16.3% (12.5% - 20.0%); meloxicam, 10.2% (4.2% - 16.2%); naproxen, 29.2% (24.8% - 33.6%); nimesulide, 20.2% (16.0% - 24.3%); ibuprofen, 16.7% (14.7% - 18.8%); diclofenac, 19.3% (11.9% - 26.7%); oxaprozin, 12.7% (8.9% - 16.7%) respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe rates of effect and adverse reaction on patients having osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis with NSAIDs treatment would largely depend on the drugs being used. Within 2 - 8 weeks of treatment, the effective rate and rate of adverse drug reaction with commonly used NSAIDs as nabumeton, meloxicam, etc., were 59.2% - 85.0% and 4.2% - 33.6%, respectively.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; drug therapy ; Butanones ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; China ; Diclofenac ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Ibuprofen ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Naproxen ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Osteoarthritis ; drug therapy ; Propionates ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Sulfonamides ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Thiazines ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Thiazoles ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use