Reflux esophagitis is considered as a commonly-seen esophageal disease.In recent years,certain advances were archived internationally in researches about its pathogenesis,treatment,complications,etc.This article reviewed advances in researches of reflux esophagitis in the year 2016.

Cancer has become a great menace to public health in China.Tumor markers play a unique role in diagnosis and treatment of cancer.However,there lacks a systematic evidence-based guideline in conformity with national conditions on clinical application of tumor markers.Recommendation for the use of the tumor markers in clinical practice will guide the appropriate usage of tumor markers and exhibit profound positive impact on their clinical application in China.

BACKGROUND:Deep venous thrombosis has already been recognized as an important serious postoperative complication because it can cause fatal pulmonary embolism and long-term deep venous dysfunction. With the constant development of artificial joint operation and the popularization of such surgery, much attention has been paid to the formation of deep venous thrombosis following artificial joint replacement.OBJECTIVE: To observe the anatomical property of acetabular surrounding arteries and veins, as well as their injury during total hip replacement,so as to explore the cause of deep venous thrombosis in lower limbs following artificial total hip replacement.DESIGN: Single sample observation and before-after self-control.SETTING: Gross anatomy was carried out in the anatomical laboratory of the Medical School of Huzhou Teachers' College; total hip replacement was carried out in the Orthopedic Department, Xinhua Hospital of Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine College.PARTICIPANTS: Pelvic samples were collected from 60 normal adult corpuses (30 from men and 30 from women); meanwhile, 30 patients (18 males and 12 females) received total hip replacement in the Orthopedic Department of Xinhua Hospital, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine College, between March 2002 and August 2003.METHODS: Gross anatomy was carried out at the anatomical laboratory in the Medical School of Huzhou Teachers' College between March and May 2003. The running course of bilateral external iliac artery and vein, as well as the relationship between the branches of femoral artery and vein and acetabulum were observed on 60 pelvic samples. In order to make the observation easier, 12 o'clock division mode chart of acetabulum was established, that is, a line drawn from anterior superior iliac spine toanterior inferior iliac spine, with the crossing point of its extension line and acetabular edge taken as 12 o'clock, therefore the other points should be arranged clockwise. Totally 30 patients received artificial total hip replacement by acetabular lateral-posterior approach. One week later, bilateral deep venous radiography was performed to observe the state of deep venous thrombosis in lower limbs.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① The anatomical relationship between the branches of external iliac artery and vein, femoral artery and vein and acetabulum. ② The formation rate of deep venous thrombosis in lower limbs after total hip replacement. ③ Adverse events and side effects.RESULTS: Totally 60 adult normal pelvic samples and other 30 pelvic samples of patients who received total hip replacement remained in the results analysis. ① Anatomical observation of external iliac artery and vein,as well as femoral artery and vein: the branches of femoral artery and vein: Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries were found running across acetabulum and entering acetabulum; the safe position for the retractor was from 12 o'clock to 3 o'clock and from 5 o'clock to 9 o'clock. However, 9o'clock to12 o'clock and 3 o'clock to 5 o'clock were taken as fragile regions. ② The incidence of deep venous thrombosis following total hip replacement: Bilateral deep venous radiography was carried out after operation and revealed that 11 patients developed deep venous thrombosis with the incidence of 37%. ③ Adverse events and side effects: Postoperative bleeding of over 1 000 mL occurred in 3 cases. In order to fully expose operative field, the retractor should be used to hold off muscles and other tissues, which contributed to long-term vascular compression and blood flow retardation.CONCLUSION: Artificial total hip replacement is liable to injure the internal wall of acetabular vessels, thereby leading to blood flow retardation and platelet aggregation, and ultimately thrombosis. In addition, the massive bleeding during operation will increase blood mucosity, which also increases the risk for thrombosis. From the mode chart of fragile regions and safe regions, we can deduce that deep venous thrombosis in lower limbs can be reduced.

BACKGROUND: At present, the artificial total hip replacement(THR) is the first choice of the hip joint disease for the old, and the choiceness rate is 84% according to the Harri' s grade, and the therapeutic effect is content. The occurrence rate of the sciatic nerve injury in the THR is reported to be 0.46% in and 0. 08%-9.7% abroad.OBJECTIVE: To study the influencing factors of the sciatic nerve injury in the THR through the anatomical location analysis.DESIGN: Single sample study based on the human anatomical samples.SETTING: Human Anatomy Laboratory in the Medical Department of the Huzhou Normal University.PARTICIPANTS: The study was completed in the Human Anatomy Laboratory in the Medical Department of the Huzhou Normal University from March to May in 2003. There were 56 pelvis samples of the normal human adult cadaver, 27 males and 29 females.METHODS: The origins and the pathways of the sciatic nerves and the relation of the sciatic nerve and the acetabulum were analyzed, and the sciatic nerve injury induced by the clasp and the screw fixation in the THR was measured and analyzed.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The location relation of the sciatic nerve and the acetabulum.RESULTS: The distance between the sciatic nerve and the bottom of the acetabulum was(6.00 ±0. 85) mm on the left and(6.00 ±0. 71) mm on the right. The distance between the sciatic nerve and the edge of the acetabulum was(13.00 ±0. 75) mm on the left and(14.00 ±0.06) mm on the right. The SN circumference on the edge of the acetabulum was(32.00 ± 0. 28) mm on the left and(31.00 ± 0.68) mm on the right. The distance between the bottom of the acetabulum and the greater sciatic foramen was(29.00 ±0. 36)mm on the left and(29.00 ±0.24) mm on the right.CONCLUSION: It is confirmed that the clasp and the screw fixation can be done on the safe region at the 1-3 o' clock and the 5-6 o' clock. The obsolete fracture and dislocation of the acetabulum, the unsuitable clasp location and the unsuitable location of screw fixation may induce the iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury.

ABSTRACT: "Association of the kidney with the ears" is central to the traditional Chinese medical (TCM) theory of the viscera and their manifestations. Previous studies have shown that thyroxin, aldosterone, calcium and iron might be the material basis of the correlation between the kidney and the ears. Due to restriction in research techniques and methods, there has been no further progress in this research field, whose modern biological mechanisms and scientific connotations have not been explained clearly. In recent years, the progress of biological techniques and research on kidney essence provided promising opportunities for research of the association between the kidney and the ears. This article summarized the study progress of "association of the kidney with the ears" theory and posed some meaningful study thoughts. Presbycusis is a kind of degenerative disease caused by aging, which is one aspect of aging of the human body. Because aging is considered as physiological "kidney deficiency", presbycusis can be regarded as a model of "kidney deficiency" deafness. In conclusion, investigating the correlation between "kidney deficiency" and presbycusis using biotechnology systems combined with "essence of kidney", should provide a sound basis for study of the theory of the relationship between the kidney and the ears. This will provide new and valuable information for the modern biological research about the theory of visceral associations in TCM.

Objective To explore effect of miR‐302a on proliferation and apoptosis in folate deficiency mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) .Methods The cases were divided into complete culture medium group (control group) ,folate‐deficient culture medi‐um group (folate‐deficient group) ,folate‐deficient culture medium plus miR‐302a mimic group (miR‐302a group) .The expression of miR‐302a was examed by RT‐PCR in control group and folate‐deficient group .To construct miR‐302a mimic and then was trans‐fected into the folate‐deficient culture medium mESC .Effect of miR‐302a mimic on mESC viability was detected by MTT assay ,the effect of miR‐302a mimic on mESC apoptosis was examed by Annexin V‐FITC/PI flow dual‐staining method ,the effect of miR‐302a mimic on mESC cycle was examed by flow cytometry .The activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and expression of CyclinD1 ,p21 and p27 was assayed by Western blot . Results The expression of miR‐302a was lower in folate‐deficient group(P<0 .01) .Compared with control group ,the viability of mESC was lower ,the apoptosis of mESC was higher ,the cell cycle was arrested in G1 phase ,the level of phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR was lower ,the expression of CyclinD1 was lower ,the expression of p21 and p27 was higher in folate‐deficient group , with statistical significance (P<0 .01) .Compared with folate‐deficient group ,the viability of mESC was higher ,the apoptosis of mESC was lower ,G1 phase was shortened ,the level of phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR was higher ,the expression of CyclinD1 was higher ,the expression of p21 and p27 was lower in miR‐302a group with statistical significance (P<0 .01) .Conclusion These results suggested miR‐302a exerted anti‐apoptosis and promote cell proliferation in folate‐deficient culture medium ,which might be related to PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway .

Hypertension is a global problem,affecting both developed and developing nations. The mor-bidity of hypertension in children and adolescents has increased year by year in recent years. Hypertension in children can cause target organ damages(mainly renal,cardiovascular,central neurological,or optic fundal). In clinical practice,we need to find simple and easy methods for early recognition of target organ damages,thus se-rious consequences in adult hypertension may be prevented.