The expression mode in presentations may affect the efficiency during the teaching. In this study, we used a random-controlled trial to compare the educational efficiency in three different expression modes: script, pictures, animation. Test scores and questionnaire survey were statistically analyzed. It showed that the presentations with animation led to the highest average test score of the students. Visual objects could attract students' interest, enhance memory, and academic achievement. A proper insert of visual objects in teaching presentation is encouraged in the education of medical neurobiology for those medical students.

The education goal of 8-year medical students is to develop both clinical competence and to meet the needs of research and development. After the research ability questionnaires, we consider that these students have requirements the cultivation of research ability. We should formalize, organize the designed research training for them as soon as possible to make them become medical personnel with the ability to adapt to international competition as.

Objective To investigate the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on myocardial apoptosis and protein kinase B (AKT) expression in rats of chronic heart failure (CHF). Methods Thirty male adult SD rats were randomly divided into two groups, sham-operated (Sham) group (n=6) and model (Model) group (n=24). The abdominal aortic coarctation was used to build CHF model. Sixteen survived rats after operation were randomly divided into two groups including EPO group and con-trol (Control) group. EPO group was received 3 000 U/kg EPO intraperitoneal injection 3 times/week for 4 weeks, and Sham group and Control group were received same volume of normal saline. The echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function after 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks of treatment. After 12 weeks, all rats were sacrificed after 24 h fasting. The cell morphology and myocardial apoptosis were observed, and apoptosis index (AI) was calculated. Myocardial P-AKT/AKT pro-tein expression was detected by Western blot assay. Results Echocardiography showed that ventricular hypertrophy was found in model group after four weeks, heart failure 8 weeks. Compared with Control group, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly higher after EPO intervention for 4 weeks (P < 0.05), systolic interventricular septum thickness (IVSs), end-systolic left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWs), diastolic interventricular septum thickness (IVSd), af-ter left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness (LVPWd) were significantly lower (P<0.05). The value of AI was significant-ly lower in EPO group than that of Control group (23.87%±1.45%vs 35.58%±2.81%, P<0.01). The OD value of P-AKT/AKT was significantly decreased in Control group (0.35±0.06) than that of Sham group (0.81±0.17), the value was significant-ly increased in EPO group (1.61±0.16) than that of Control group (P<0.01). Conclusion EPO can improve heart function, inhibit myocardial apoptosis,and promote pro-phosphorylation of AKT in rats with chronic heart failure.

Objective To identify new microsatellite loci from genome sequence database for the study of poly-morphicsm of Schistosoma japonicum. Methods Schistosoma japonicum isolates were obtained from seven endemic sites in China: Tongling and Guichi counties of Anhui Province, Duchang county of Jiangxi Province, Changde and Yueyang Cities of Hunan Province, Shashi City of Hubei Province, Xichang City of Sichuan Province. In order to study the genetic variance, genomic DNAs of 96 individual adult worms were screened against 17 new Schistosoma japonicum microsatellites and the raw data were analyzed by GenMapper 4.0. Furthermore, the varieties of alleles were inverstigated using GenAlEx 6 and genetic distances within a subpopulation (GenClone) and among populations(UPGMA, MEGA 3.1) were analyzed. Results High levels of polymorphism were found between and within population samples, and significant genetic diversity was observed among the seven subpopulations.Within Jiangxi population, most genetic distances (17 loci) among samples range from 25 to 32, indicating a significant genetic diversity. There are three clusters among the seven populations: Jiangxi, Tonglin, Shashi and Changde population, with the genetics distances ranging from 0.017 8 to 0.036 3; Guichi and Yueyang population belong to another cluster, with the genetic distance of 0.024 7; However, Xichang population is an unique group. Its genetic distances to other populations are notable with a range from 0.019 2 to 0.069 3. Conclusion The 17 new polymorphic microsatellites identified may be used as suitable markers for the study on population genetics of Schistosoma japonicum and the genetic variance of the worms seems to be complicated.

OBJECTIVE:To put forward relevant suggestions for promoting the R&D cooperation in biomedical field in China. METHODS:Information of all invention co-patents in biomedical fields during 2000-2015 in patent database was collected,includ-ing year,patent name,application number,applicant,patent address,etc.,and descriptive statistical analysis was conducted. RE-SULTS:The number of invention co-patents in biomedical fields had been increasing year by year,and the number of invention co-patents in 2015 was about 9 times than that in 2000. Invention co-patents mainly came from Beijing,Shanghai and Guangdong,accounting for 49.1%. The top 15 applicants had 983 invention co-patents in total,accounting for 8.9% of the total number of co-patents,7 of which were enterprises. And in the invention co-patents applied by the top 10 cities for GDP ranking in 2014,inven-tion co-patents applied by enterprises,scientific research institutions(include hospitals)and universities accounted for 56.2% of all patents. CONCLUSIONS:The R&D cooperation in biomedical fields has mainly focused on a few developed provinces and cities, with low concentration of invention co-patents;the R&D cooperation is mainly led by enterprises,and hospitals have low participa-tion. The government should establish national biomedical information sharing platform,raise the R&D cooperation awareness of large-scale pharmaceutical enterprises and encourage hospitals to actively participate in R&D cooperation activities in biomedicine fields.

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics and outcome of renal cyst infection in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Methods Clinical data of 40 ADPKD patients with 43 episodes of renal cyst infection admitted in Shanghai Changzheng Hospital from 1st January 1991 to 31st December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.Differences of microbiological data and treatments between 1st January 1991 to 31st December 2000 and 1st January 2001 to 31st December 2010 were compared. Results Among 473 identified patients with ADPKD and 662 episodes of hospitalization,40 patients had 43 episodes of renal cyst infection,including 8 definite and 35 likely cases.Microbiological documentation was available for 34 episodes (79.0％),Escherichia coli accounting for 82.4％ of all retrieved bacterial strains.Resistant Escherichia coli to quinolone and certain β-lactamine increased in recent decade.Clinical efficacy of initial antibiotic treatment was noted in 69.8％ of episodes. Antibiotic treatment modification was more frequently required for patients receiving initial monotherapy compared with those receiving combination therapy.In the first ten-year group,initial combination therapy and clinical efficacy were noted in 30.0％ and 60.0％ of episodes respectively,and hospital stay was (20.2±6.7) d.In the second ten-year group,initial combination therapy and clinical efficacy were noted in 61.9％ and 78.2％ of episodes respectively,and hospital stay was (16.3±3.2) d.Large infected cysts (diameter ＞5 cm) frequently required drainage. Conclusions In renal cyst infection,the source of the organisms is often a gram negative enteric organism.Empiric therapy is often initiated with two antibiotics.The drainage of large infected cysts remains the main treatment for cyst infection.

Objective To study the influence of protein intake in learning and memory capabilities and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression in premature rats.Methods Premature rars were randomly divided into three groups after weaning:preterm standard protein group,preterm low protein group and preterm high protein group.After weaning,three groups were respectively fed with standard protein diets (18％ protein),low protein diets (8％ protein) and high protein diets (30％ protein) until the end of experiment.When rats were at the 6th and 8th weeks,they were performed Morris water maze test to assess the learning and memory abilities,and irnmunohistochemistry and Westem blotting were used to observe the mTOR distribution and mTOR protein expression in the hippocampus.Results At the age of 6 weeks,the escape latencies of the premature rats did not change significantly on the 3rd and 4th day of the experiment; the frequency of crossing the platform and the mTOR-positive cells in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions of each group showed no significant differences (P＞0.05).At the age of 8 weeks,the escape latencies in finding the platform were shortened with increased training times for premature rats; the frequency of crossing the platform of high-protein premature rats was significantly higher than that in the other two groups (P＜0.05); and the mTOR expression in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions of high-protein premature rats was also significantly increased as compared with the other two groups (P＜0.05).High-protein premature rats at the age of 8 weeks had significantly higher frequency of crossing the platform and increased mTOR-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions than those at the age of 6 weeks (P＜0.05).Western blotting also indicated that the hippocampal mTOR protein expression was not significantly different in each group at 6 week-old; the mTOR expression of high-protein premature rats was significantly higher than that in the other two groups at the age of 8 weeks.Conclusions In the early growth and development process of the brain,mTOR activity might be inhibited in the premature birth rats,which can lead to impaired learning and memory abilities.After a long time of high protein nutritional intake,impaired learning and cognitive abilities of premature rats can get recovery,which may be associated with up-regulation ofmTOR expression.

Objective To analyze the causes of 652 hospitalizations in the patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).Methods The medical records of all ADPKD inpatients in our hospital from January 1,1990 to December 31,2010 were collected.The differences of hospitalization causes in different age,gender and period were analyzed.Results (1)In 652 hospitalizations,the most common cause was lumbar pain (15.2％),followed by cystic bleeding (14.6％),aggravating renal failure (10.1％),dialysis-related problems (9.4％),renal transplant related issues (8.3％),renal replacement therapy for ESRD (8.0％),urinary tract infection (6.4％),end stage renal failure (5.8％),hypertension (4.1％),renal cyst volume enlargement (3.7％),finding polycystic kidney disease (2.1％),urinary lithiasis (1.8％) and others (10.4％).(2)Younger patients were admitted into hospital because of polycystic kidney bleeding and finding PKD.With the increase of patients age,hospitalization due to dialysis-related problems increased,while many middle-aged patients were hospitalized because of back pain.(3)Male patients were admitted into hospital for aggravating renal failure,ESRD,kidney transplantation-related problems and urinary lithiasis,while female patients mainly for lumbar pain,dialysis-related problems and urinary tract infection.(4)The proportion was significantly reduced with time of finding PKD,renal failure and polycystic kidney bleeding,the proportion of renal cysts increasing and aggravating renal failure increased,there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients with hypertension,while a significant decrease in the proportion of patients with uncontrolled hypertension,and the average SBP was also significantly reduced.Conclusions The highest rate of hospitalization of ADPKD patients is in 40 to 60 age group.Cause of admission varies with age and gender,and changes with the change of time.Over the past decade,the proportion of hospitalization due to renal cysts enlargement and renal failure aggravation increased significantly.The incidence of hypertension is higher than that in the first 10 years,but hypertension control rate increases compared with the previous.Prevention should focus on finding the suppression measures of renal cysts enlargement.

Objective To compare the biomechanical characteristics of lengthened sacroiliac screw and long sacroiliac screw fixated in different ways for the treatment of central vertical sacral fractures to provide reference for clinical practice.Methods A finite element model with three dimensions of Tile type C pelvic ring injury (central type Denis Ⅲ fracture of sacrum) was produced.The central sacral fractures were fixated with lengthened sacroiliac screw or long sacroiliac screw in 7 types of models respectively as follows.(1) One long sacroiliac screw was fixated in S1 segment from the right (C1);(2) One long sacroiliac screw was fixated in S2 segment from the right (C2);(3)Two long sacroiliac screws were fixated in S1 and S2 segments respectively from the right (C12);(4) One long sacroiliac screw was fixated in S1 segment from the right and one long sacroiliac screw was fixated in S2 segment from the left (C12hybrid);(5) One lengthened sacroiliac screw was fixated in S1 segment from the right (J1);(6) One lengthened sacroiliac screw was fixated in S2 segment from the right (J2);(7)Two lengthened sacroiliac screws were fixated in S1 and S2 segments respectively from the right (J12).The shift and angle displacement of the central superior surface of sacrum in the case of standing on both feet were measured and compared.The maximum Von Mises stresses in different positions were measured.And various mechanical indices (including stresses of various parts and stress distribution of screws and pelvis,etc) were also quantified and compared.Results The stability of the posterior ring-screw complex was optimal when the sacrum was fixated with S1 & S2 lengthened sacroiliac screws.The maximum Von Mises stresses of screw were affected by sacral segments,namely,S1 ＞ S2 ＞ S1& S2.The maximum Von Mises stress of screws in S1 and S2 segments were similar.The maximum stress of the lengthened sacroiliac screw was lower than that of the long sacroiliac screw.The maximum Von Mises stress of bilateral sacroiliac joints in the lengthened sacroiliac screw fixation model was similar to that of normal pelvis.The maximum stress in the left sacroiliac joint of the long sacroiliac screw fixation model was larger than that of the normal pelvis.The maximum Von Mises stress of screw-bone interface of the long sacroiliac screw fixation model was larger than that of the lengthened sacroiliac screw fixation model.The screw stress distribution of the lengthened sacroiliac screw was superior to that of the long sacroiliac screw,and the screw stress distribution of the double segment fixation was superior to that of the single segment fixation.There was relatively less difference between the pelvic stress distribution of double segment fixation model and that of the normal pelvic model.Conclusion The fixation of S1 & S2 lengthened sacroiliac screws utilized in central sacral fractures of Tile C pelvic ring injury results in a more stable posterior pelvic ringscrew complex,more dispersed screw stress and better pelvic stress distribution which is closed to normal,and can also reduce the risk of internal fixation failure as well as lower back pain.