Camptothecin is known to possess a broad spectrum of anticancer activities, however due to its high toxicity and low solubility in water, camptothecin is severely limited in clinic. To optimize the effects of camptothecin in the treatment of malignancies, besides the structural modification and reconstruction of camptothecin, the establishment of new drug delivery systems becomes a hot topic in the camptothecin research. This paper aims to summarize the advanced progress in the delivery system and function of camptothecin at recent years. The advances in improving the poor solubility, lactone ring instability, controlled release systems and targeting delivery systems of camptothecin are also reviewed. As the related methods and technologies are improved and developed, camptothecin will be a group of prospective anticancer drugs.

Aim To observe the optimal temperature and optimal pH of uricase-catalase liposomes(UCALP) and free uricase(UAE), and study the abilities of UCALP to reduce uric acid and hydrogen peroxide in mice with hyperuricemia.Methods UCALP were prepared by reverse phase evaporation, optimal temperature and optimal pH of UCALP and UAE were determined, respectively.Mouse model of hyperuricemia was established by intraperitoneally injection of uric acid, and the model mice were intravenously injected UCALP and UAE, respectively, then the serum concentration of uric acid and hydrogen peroxide in mice at different time points were measured by the assay kits, respectively.Results Optimal temperature of UCALP and UAE was 40℃, and optimal pH was 8.0 and 8.5, respectively.UCALP could more significantly lower uric acid level of hyperuricemia mice than that of UAE, and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in UCALP group was lower than in UAE group.Conclusion UCALP can effectively decrease the level of uric acid and control the level of hydrogen peroxide in mice with hyperuricemia.

Objective To observe the role of intermediate conductance calcium?activated potassium channels (KCa3.1) in alkalinization and β?glycerophosphate induced vascular calcification. Methods Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and aortic rings were obtained from rat thoracic aorta, and then randomly divided into control group (pH was provided into 7.4, 8.0), high phosphorus groups (pH was provided into 7.4, 7.7 and 8.0, VSMCs in three groups were treated with 10 mmol/L β?glycerophosphate; HCl and NaHCO3 were used to adjust the pH) and TRAM?34 group (20 nmol/L was added into pH8.0 high phosphorus dulbecco's modified eagle's medium). Calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured by Alizarin red staining, calcium content and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay after cells were simulated for 12 days. Intracellular free Ca2 + was measured by ELISA. The expression of KCa3.1, runt?related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were detected by RT?PCR and Western blotting 4 days after cells were stimulated. Calcium deposition was measured by von Kossa staining and calcium content after aortic rings were cultured for 12 days. The expressions of KCa3.1 and Runx2 were detected by immunohistochemistry after aortic rings were cultured for 4 days. Results Compared with control group, calcification in VSMCs and aortic rings were significantly increased in high phosphorus group (P<0.05) while decreased in TRAM?34 group (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the expressions of KCa3.1, Runx2 and the activity of ALP in high phosphorus groups were increased (P<0.05) while decreased in TRAM?34 group (P<0.05). Besides, expressions of Runx2 and KCa3.1 were augmented as the pH was higher (P<0.05). The expression of Runx2 in aortic rings was the same situation. Besides, the Ca2+ influx was blocked by TRAM?34 (P<0.05). Conclusions Alkalinization contributes to β?glycerophosphate induced VSMCs calcification through increase of Ca2 + influx, up?regulation of KCa3.1 and promotion of osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases in adults.Methods:The clinical data of 59 patients with Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai from January 2017 to August 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical manifestations of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (CAEBV) and lymphoma in patients were compared. Patients were divided into acute course group (IM) and chronic course group (CAEBV+ lymphoma), and the results of labratory indications (blood rontine, liver function, imflammatory indications, Epstein-Barr virus DNA, Epstein-Barr virus antibody and T lymphocyte) were compared between two groups. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test or Fisher exact probability test. Results:Among the 59 patients, 23 cases (39.0%) were diagnosed with IM, 23 cases (39.0%) were lymphoma and 13 cases (22.0%) were CAEBV. The clinical manifestations of patients with Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases were fever (57/59, 96.6%), lymphadenopathy (37/59, 62.7%) and splenomegaly (36/59, 61.0%). There were 17 patients in the chronic course group experienced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The white blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels and platelet counts of patients in the chronic course group (4.07(1.94, 8.35)×10 9/L, 89.5(74.5, 108.0) g/L and 100(37, 161)×10 9/L, respectively) were all lower than those in the acute course group (9.91(6.75, 17.38)×10 9/L, 132.5(118.2, 152.0) g/L and 197(129, 233)×10 9/L, respectively), with statistically significant differences ( U=3.69, 5.22 and 3.61, respectively, all P<0.01). The levels of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and serum ferritin in the chronic course group (0.45(0.15, 1.13) μg/L, 47.75(17.57, 84.67) mg/L and 2 000(682, 2 002) μg/L, respectively) were all higher than those in the acute course group (0.12(0.07, 0.28) μg/L, 6.39(3.13, 11.38) mg/L and 482(159, 1 271) μg/L, respectively), with statistically significant differences ( U=-2.95, -3.77 and -4.16, respectively, all P<0.01). The counts of CD4 + T lymphocytes, CD8 + T lymphocytes, CD19 + B lymphocytes and natural killer cells in the chronic course group (259.15(101.98, 509.26), 214.69(119.31, 529.47), 46.14(4.44, 135.87) and 81.09(41.53, 118.46)/μL, respectively) were all lower than those in the acute course group (738.88(592.20, 893.94), 1 609.17(920.88, 3 952.34), 144.52(83.65, 215.14) and 309.82(123.78, 590.68)/μL, respectively), with statistically significant differences ( U=3.66, 3.80, 2.90 and 3.40, respectively, all P<0.01), while the CD4 + /CD8 + T lymphocytes ratio in the chronic course group was higher (0.90(0.60, 1.70) vs 0.45(0.10, 1.28))( U=-2.29, P=0.02). Twenty-three patients with IM were all cured, while 10 patients with lymphoma died and 13 received chemotherapy. Seven patients with CAEBV died and six improved. Conclusions:The clinical characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases in adults are fever, lymphadenectasis, splenomegaly.Chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection may be associated with HLH. The prognosis of adults with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection is good, while that of long-term chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection is poor.

Objective: To understand the home reading-writing levels among children and adolescents in Shanghai after school, and to explore its association with screening myopia, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of myopia. Methods: From April to December 2024, 641 primary and middle school students were recruited from 2 urban schools and 1 rural school in Shanghai to participate in the survey. An illuminance meter was used to measure the illuminance of home reading-writing activities after school. Screening myopia was determined through visual acuity examination and refractive detection under non ciliary muscle paralysis conditions among children and adolescents. A binary Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between home reading-writing illuminance and screening myopia. Results: The detection rate of screening myopia among children and adolescents in Shanghai was 59.9%. The median home reading-writing illuminance after school was 340.9(112.2, 753.5) lx, and 45.4% was found of less than 300 lx. The family illuminance in the primary school stage [432.0 (136.9, 837.0) lx] was higher than that in the junior high school stage [113.1(53.7, 375.1) lx], and main urban area group [503.9 (212.6, 969.5) lx] was higher than that in the rural group [141.6 (53.7, 416.9) lx], the differences were statistically significant (Z=-7.56, -9.95,both P<0.05). The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the family illuminance of 150-500 lx, children and adolescents with family illuminance<150 and >500 lx had increased risks of screening myopia detection[OR(95%CI)=1.56(1.01-2.42), 1.74(1.15-2.62),both P<0.05]. Conclusions The home reading-writing illuminance after school is suboptimal. Both excessively low and high home reading-writing illuminance levels are associated with screen-detected myopia. It is necessary for children and adolescents to improve lighting conditions during evening reading-writing activities, and strengthen health education according to different regions and school stages.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features and treatment of nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALTL). METHOD: The data of 11 patients with nasal MALTL were analyzed retrospectively during 9 years, including their clinical features and effectiveness of treatment. Nine cases were male and 2 female, their age arranged from 18 to 49 years with an average age of 39 years. All cases underwent endoscopic sinus surgery, and were diagnosed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry. After operation, 7 cases were cured with immunotherapy and antibiotic therapy. Other 4 patients were treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and antibiotic therapy. RESULT: During follow up 6-36 months, 4 patients died and other 7 patients achieved complete remission. CONCLUSION Clinical manifestations of nasal MALTL are not typical,which is apt to be misdiagnosed and mistreated. The suspected lesion tissues under endoscopy should be completely resected and submitted to pathology investigation. Nasal MALTL is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma which is characterized by occult onset, long course, slow progression and low cure rates in the advanced stage.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone ; pathology ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nose Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features, diagnosis and the surgery therapy of maxillary fibrous hyperplasia of bone. METHOD: The clinical data of 37 cases with maxillary fibrous hyperplasia of bone from 1987-2006 years were retrospectively analyzed. 19 cases of male and 18 cases of female, their average age is 22.5 years (17-35 years). Twenty-one cases were operated by Caldwell-lud or lateral rhinotomy operation. After 1997, 16 cases were operated by Caldwell-lud operation with endoscopy so as to strip hyperplasia bone. RESULT: Thirty-six cases were cured within 2-4 years follow-up, 1 case was reoperated by Caldwell-lud operation with endoscopy after recurrence. The patients who received operation by Caldwell-lud operation with endoscopy had less symptoms in the inflation deformity of maxillofacial region and dysfunction of neighbouring structures than those who received traditional operation. CONCLUSION The diagnosis can be made by history, signs and radiography. Caldwell-lud operation with nasal endoscopy is more effective treatment, and advocated in clinical practice.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Diseases ; pathology ; surgery ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Maxilla ; pathology ; Nose ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Objective To observe the role of TRAM-34 (1-((2-chlorophenyl) diphenylmethyl)-1H-pyrazole),the blocker of intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa3.1),on β-glycerophosphate induced vascular calcification in vitro.Methods Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were obtained from rat thoracic aorta,and VSMCs after the fourth passage and aortic rings were divided into control group (cultured in DMEM with 10％ fetal bovine serum),high phosphorus group (cultured in DMEM with 10％ fetal bovine serum and 10％ β-glycerophosphate) and TRAM-34 group (20 nmol/L TRAM-34 was added into high phosphorus DMEM).Calcium deposition of VSMCs and aortic rings were measured by o-cresolphthalein complexone method.Calcium influx of VSMCs was measured by immunofluorescence probe Fluo-3 AM.The expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot for cells and immunohistochemistry for aortic rings.ALP activity was measured by alkaline phosphatase activity detection kit.Results (1) Compared with control group,calcification was significantly increased in high phosphorus group ((121.67 ± 6.17) mg/g vs.(84.38 ±8.17) mg/g,P ＜0.05) and this effect could be attenuated by TRAM-34 ((93.31 ± 11.36) mg/g,P ＜0.05 vs.high phosphorus group) after 12 days culture.Similar results were found in aortic rings cultured for 12 days—high phosphorus group:(7.17 ± 0.57) mg/g vs.control:(1.18 ± 0.13) mg/g (P ＜ 0.05) and TRAM-34:(4.71 ±0.42) mg/g,P ＜0.05 vs.high phosphorus group.(2) Compared with control group,the calcium influx was higher in high phosphorus group (349.22 ±40.47 vs.151.67 ± 16.94,P ＜0.05)and reduced in TRAM-34 group (194.67 ± 22.21,P ＜ 0.05 vs.high phosphorus group) in VSMCs simulated for 4 days.(3) Both mRNA and protein expressions of Runx2 in high phosphorus groups were higher than in control group (0.630 ±0.033 vs.0.340 ±0.058 and 0.865 ±0.031 vs.0.414 ±0.011,both P ＜ 0.05) and lower in TRAM-34 group (0.399 ± 0.023 and 0.575 ± 0.014,both P ＜ 0.05 vs.high phosphorus group) in VSMCs simulated for 4 days.Besides,compared with high phosphorus group,the expression of Runx2 was decreased in control group (0.113 ± 0.010 vs.0.067 ± 0.008,P ＜ 0.05) and TRAM-34 group (0.069±0.006,P＜0.05) after aortic rings were cultured for 4 days.(4) Compared with control group,the activity of ALP was significantly increased in high phosphorus group (96.56 ± 9.84vs.46.92 ± 4.60,P ＜0.05) and decreased in TRAM-34 group (70.20 ± 8.41,P ＜ 0.05 vs.high phosphorus group) in VSMCs simulated for 12 days.Conclusion KCa3.1 blocker TRAM-34 can inhibit β3-glycerophosphate induced VSMCs and aortic ring calcification through inhibiting calcium influx,downregulating Runx2 expression and attenuating osteogenic differentiation.

Objective:To investigate the survival benefit of radiotherapy on the basis of systemic treatment for stage ⅣB esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).Methods:Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, we collected the treatment information of 298 patients with newly diagnosed stage ⅣB ESCC admitted to Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to February 2021. All patients were divided into two groups based on treatment: early radiotherapy intervention group (CRT group, n=197) and salvage radiotherapy intervention or no intervention group (CT group, n=101). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance baseline characteristics between two groups. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival rate and log-rank was used to test the difference. Cox model was used to analyze the multivariate prognosis. Results:In the CRT and CT groups, the objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 52.8% vs. 31.5%( P=0.006) and 98.9% vs. 85.4%( P=0.001) respectively, and the 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 74.2% vs. 52.8%、31.5% vs. 10.1% and 15.7% vs. 2.2%, respectively. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 8.5 months (95% CI: 6.7-10.3 months) vs. 4.4 months (95% CI: 3.5-5.3 months)( P<0.001). Median overall survival (OS) were 17.1 months (95% CI: 14.9-19.3 months) vs. 12.7 months (95% CI: 8.0-17.4 months)( P<0.001). The difference of adverse reactions was mainly in hematology. Conclusions:For newly diagnosed stage ⅣB patients with ESCC, radiotherapy should be combined with systemic therapy as early as possible. It yields longer PFS and OS, and effectively improves dysphagia. Adverse reactions are tolerated. Further validation is recommended in larger prospective studies.

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of dexmetomidine (DEX) in improving lung injury in septic mice.Methods:Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the blank group (NC), sham operation group (sham), cecal ligation and puncture group (CLP), and Dex treatment group (CLP+DEX), 36 mice per group. Mice in the CLP group were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mL sterile saline 15 min before CLP, and mice in the CLP + DEX group were intraperitoneally injected with 50 μg/kg DEX 15 min before CLP. The survival rate was recorded within 24 h after CLP. The mice were sacrificed at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after CLP, and lung tissues were collected. The expression levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and lncRNA-HOTAIR in the lung of mice were detected by qPCR. RAW264.7 cell were cultured in vitro, LPS (100 ng/mL) and DEX (1 μ mol/L) were used to establish a cell model for studying the mechanism of Dex, and the expression of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and lncRNA-HOTAIR in RAW264.7 cell model were detected by qPCR. In addition, the effect of lncRNA-HOTAIR on sepsis was explored in vivo and in vitro by knockdown or overexpression of HOTAIR.Results:The survival rate of the CLP+DEX group was higher than that of the CLP group within 24 h after surgery, and the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the lungs were significantly lower than those in the CLP group at 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery ( P<0.05). In addition, the level of lncRNA HOTAIR showed that the expression level of lncRNA HOTAIR in the lungs of mice were decreased after Dex treatment, and were decreased 1.1 times ( P<0.05), 4.0 times ( P<0.01) and 3.8 times ( P<0.01) at 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Compared with the NC group, knockdown of HOTAIR significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in septic mice ( P<0.05), and overexpression of HOTAIR significantly increased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in septic mice ( P<0.01). Conclusions:DEX can reduce the production of inflammatory factors in the lungs of septic mice and improve the survival rate of septic mice. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of HOTAIR expression.