To investigate the gene typing, molecular characteristics of virulence and resistance associated gene of Clostridium difficile from clinical isolates in China, the genes tcdA,tcdB of toxin A and B, cdtA,cdt B of binary-toxin, and erm B of clindamycin resistance were detected by conventional PCR. Genotyping of toxic C. difficile were conducted by means of analysis of 16s-23s internal spacer region polymorphism with PCR assay. Then the antibiotic resistance of toxic C. difficile to ampiciline, clindamycin, metronidazole and vancomycin was conducted with E-test. It was found that 8 toxic C. difficile strains were demonstrated out of 12 clinical isolates, in which 5 strains were tcdA+ and tcdB+, and 3 strains tcdA- and tcdB+, accounting for 62.5% and 37.5% respectively. Binary-toxin genes detection were negative in all the strains. Clindamycin resistance associated gene ermB was positive in 4 out of 8 toxic C. difficile strains, accounting for 50%. 8 toxic isolates were typed into 4 gene types, the dominant type was ZR I,accounting for 62.5%. Resistance rate of 8 toxic C. difficile strains against ampiciline(AC), clindamycin(CM), metronidazole(MZ) and vancomycin(VA) was 37.5%,87.5%,12.5%, and 0 respectively. No isolates belonged to ribotype 027 or 078. Isolation rate of toxic C. difficile is high to 66.7%. There is obvious gene polymorphism in clinical isolates of Chinese toxic C.difficite, and ZR I is preponderant genotype in 4 genotypes. C. difficile shows some resistance to ampiciline, clindamycin, metronidazole, but susceptive to vancomycin.

Objective To evaluate the effects of blood-lipid report's reformat on outpatients' behavior and knowledge of dyslipidemia therapy.Methods The blood-lipid report was reformatted by adding three tables from the Chinese Guideline on the Prevention and Treatment of Adult Dyslipidemia on its back.The same questionnaire was used twice to evaluate the patients' behavior and knowledge of dyslipidemia therapy before and after reformat.Results Before and after reformat,the rates of correct deterination of their own risk stratification were 26.0％ ( 112/430 ) and 26.3％ ( 115/438 ) respectively.The awareness rates of Different LDL-C goals among different persons wcre 37.0％ (159/430) and 35.8％ (157/438).Only 0.7％ (2/306) and 1.0％ (3/299) of patients knew their blood lipid goals (P =0.557).When the report showed normal blood lipid levels,the percentages of taking lipid-lowering drug were 47.6％ ( 230/483 ) and 46.6％ ( 216/464 ),20.5％ ( 99/483 ) and 19.0％ ( 88/464 ) of patients questioned the prescription.Non-medication rates were 31.9％ ( 154/483 ) and 34.5％ ( 160/464 ) respectively before and after reformat ( P ＞ 0.05 ).For patients requiting lipid-lowering drug therapy by the guideline,treatment rate improved significantly in the low-risk group (13.3％ vs.75.0％,P =0.002).Treatment rate slightly increased in the high-risk and very high-risk groups after reformat (54.0％ vs.56.8％,62.4％ vs.69.0％,P ＞ 0.05 ).Rates of achieving lipid goal showed no change [ 41.5％ ( 102/ 245 ) vs.44.5％ ( 114/256 ),P ＞ 0.05 ] after reformat,especially among the very high-risk patients [17.9％(12/68) vs.21.6％(11/52),P＞0.05].Conclusions The blood-lipid report reformat did not improve the patient behaviors and knowledge of the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia because of poor treatment rate and medication compliance.The combination of patient education and thorough blood-lipid report reformat may help to increase the attainment rate of dyslipidemia therapy.

Objective To investigate the role of silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1(SIRT1) in renal ischemia-reperfusion(IR) injury and its effect on NF-κBp65-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) signal pathway in mice.Methods Seventy-two healthy C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups:control group(n=18),sham-operated group(n=18),IR group(n=18),resveratrol group(n=18).Bilateral renal pedicle were clamped for 45 min was adopted to establish the model of acute ischemic renal injury,to give 2％ dimethyl sulfoxide or resveratrol by intraperitoneal injection for 7 days before modeling.Determination techniques included routine biochemical methods for the the levels of Scr and BUN,spectrophotometry for the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD),HE staining for the histological changes as well as immunohistochemical method and Western blotting for the expressions of SIRT1,NF-κBp65 and PGC-1α,respectively.Results Compared with that in control and sham-operated groups,the levels of serum Scr and BUN were higher and SOD levels in renal tissues were lower at 12 h and 24 h after operation in IR groups(P ＜ 0.05).HE staining revealed evident pathological lesions including necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in IR group.Compared with that in IR group,resveratrol attenuated the above-mentioned changes.Western blotting revealed the up-regulated SIRT1 expression and the activated NF-κB signal pathway,the up-regulated p65 expression and the down-regulated PGC-1αexpression subsequent to IR(P ＜ 0.05).Both Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of SIRT1 and PGC-1α in resveratrol group were up-regulated compared to that in IRgroup(P ＜ 0.05),while the NF-κBp65 expression in resveratrol group was down-regulated(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions In mouse model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury,the activation of SIRT1 can inhibit the NF-κBp65 expression and accordingly up-regulated PGC-1α level,contributing to inhibiting inflammatory reactions and attenuating oxidative stress-induced injury in the protection of the kidneys.

Preeclampsia(PE) is a unique disease to pregnancy women,and women who had a history of preeclampsia significantly increased the risk of cardiovascular disease.Preeclampsia etiology and pathogenesis is not clear yet,it may have common pathophysiology with cardiovascular disease(CVD),such as oxidative stress,endothelial injury,insulin resistance,lipid metabolic disorder and so on.The article reviewed the relationship between preeclampsia and long-term cardiovascular disease among women,especially discussed the disease such as coronary heart disease,hypertension and stroke,to find the association and to explore the potential risk management options for these high-risk women.To block,intervene,and prevent cardiovascular disease starting with preeclampsia,it is of significance to the cardiovascular health of over 300 million women worldwide.

Objective To investigate the significance of test of receptor activator of nuclear factor?kappa B(NF?κB)ligand(RANKL)in serum and urine for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Methods A total of 53 patients with osteoporosis(the experimental group)and 45 healthy controls(the normal control group)were recruited in this study. The expression levels of RANKL in serum and urine was measured and compared by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay. Results The serum and urine levels of RANKL in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group(P<0.01). The areas under receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of serum and urine RANKL were 0.898 and 0.734, respectively. The combined detection of serum and urine RANKL and Ca2+reached a high sensitivity of 89.5%and a specificity of 86.1%for diagno?sis of osteoporosis. Conclusion RANKL may be closely associated with the progression of osteoporosis. Serum and urine RANKL test may be help?ful in the diagnosis of osteoporosis.

This article reviewed the measures taken by the hospital against a catastrophic fire hazard and exploration in its response and work organization of nursing care of the wounded.Proposed in this paper are development of such five systems as the pre-plan,exercises,personnel,quality control and incentives,which are expected to improve the nursing capacity of the hospital in emergency rescue,for sustainable development of nursing emergency rescue work.

OBJECTIVE This study was to investigate the carrier and infection of Clostridium difficile in clinic feces specimen,to analyze clinic characteristics,and to improve isolation rate and to provide basis on efficient prevention.METHODS C.difficile toxin A&B kit and anaerobic culture was conducted in 20 cases with diarrhea.Colonies suspected to be C.difficile,on the basis of their macroscopic appearance and characteristic odor,oxygen tolerance experiment,were confirmed by their biochemical characteristics(API 20A,bioMerieux).RESULTS After C.difficile selective culture,8 suspected colonies from 20 feces specimen were conducted by feces smear and oxygen tolerance experiment.6 of 8 was G+ rod bacteria with positive oxygen tolerance experiment.4 stains of C.difficile were identified by API 20A,positive rate was 20%;toxin detect was positive in 1 specimen(5%).CONCLUSIONS Infection of C.difficile Is associated with the basic disease.Watery feces specimen was prone to culture positive.

10.3969/j.issn.1008-9691.2013.03.008

Objective To discuss the changes of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS)and the correlation with renal pathological type,renal tubulointerstitial lesions and the clinical indicators.Methods Forty patients with PNS were divided into acute kidney injury (AKI) group and non-AKI group according to whether renal tubular necrosis (ATN) occurred in renal pathology.Moreover,on the basis of pathological type they were divided into minimal change disease (MCD) group,mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) group,focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) group,membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) group and membranous nephropathy (MN) group.Twenty healthy subjects and normal kidney tissues which came from 20 patients with renal tumor nephrectomy and were distant from the tumor sites were the control groups.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect the serum and urine level of NGAL,and immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the expression of NGAL in the renal tissue.Results (1)The serum and urine level of NGAL and the expression of NGAL in the renal tissue in the PNS complicated with AKI group were significantly higher than that in the PNS without AKI group and in the control group(P ＜ 0.05).(2)The serum and urine level of NGAL and the expression of NGAL in the renal tissue were enhanced in MPGN group and FSGS group than that in the other three groups(P ＜ 0.05).(3) Before developing to severe tubulointerstitial lesions,with the aggravation of tubulointerstitial damage,the serum and urine level of NGAL and the expression of NGAL in the renal tissue were increased.But when renal tubular interstitial lesions developed to severe disease,serum level of NGAL and the expression of NGAL in the renal tissue were decreased(P ＜ 0.05).(4)The serum and urine level of NGAL and the expression of NGAL in the renal tissue were positively correlated with serum creatinine(r values were 0.198,0.352,0.146 respectively,P values were 0.048,0.000,0.028 respectively),were positively correlated with blood urea nitrogen(r values were 0.199,0.278,0.325 respectively,P values were 0.043,0.000,0.019 respectively),were negatively correlated with serum albumin(r values were-0.384,-0.318,-0.259 respectively,P values were 0.028,0.024,0.020 respectively) and were negatively correlated with urine osmotic pressure(r values were-0.250,-0.256,-0.277 respectively,P values were 0.012,0.027,0.002 respectively).Conclusion NGAL is a sensitive biological parameter for predicting AKI in the patients with PNS,and it can be used to evaluate the degree of tubulointerstitial lesions and renal function to a certain extent.

Objective To evaluate the myocardial protective effect of dexmedetomidine in the pediatric patients undergoing total correction of tetralogy of Fallot.Methods Forty ASA physical status Ⅱ] or Ⅲ pediatric patients of both sexes,aged 9 months-5 yr,weighing 7-21 kg,scheduled for elective total correction of tetralogy of Fallot under cardiopulmonary bypass,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =20 each):control group (C group) and dexmedetomidine group (D group).Anesthesia was induced with iv injection of midazolam,sufentanil,etomidate and rocuronium.The patients were endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated.After intubation,dexmedetomidine was infused intravenously at 0.6 μg· kg-1 · h-1 until the end of operation in group D,while the equal volume normal saline was given instead of dexmedetomidine in group C.Venous blood samples were obtained before operation,at the end of operation and at 24 h after operation for determination of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations.The occurence of anoxic spells was recorded.Results The concentrations of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly lower at the end of operation and 24 h after operation in group D than in group C(P ＜0.05).The incidence of anoxic spells was 0 in group D,however it was 20％ in group C.Conclusion For the pediatric patients undergoing total correction of tetralogy of Fallot under cardiopulmonary bypass,dexmedetomidine infused at 0.6 μg· kg-1 · h-1 during operation can exert myocardial protective effect with clinical significance.