A new mathematical equation characterizing the compression of pharmaceutical materials is presented. This equation presumed that the rate of change of the compressible volume of powder with respect to the pressure is proportional to the compressible volume. The new model provided a good fit to several model substances employing non-linear regression techniques. The validity of the model had been verified with experimental results of various pharmaceutical powders according to the Akaikes informatics criterion (AIC) and the sum of squared deviations (SS). The parameter of the new model might reflect quantitatively the fundamental compression behaviors of the powders. It had demonstrated that the proposed model could well predict the compaction characteristics of solid particles like the Kawakita model.

Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in Yizhou City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Re?gion,from 2011 to 2014,so as to provide the evidence for formulating the further prevention and control strategy. Methods The schistosomiasis surveillance data were collected and analyzed in Yizhou City from 2011 to 2014. Results From 2011 to 2014,770.38 hm2 was surveyed for the Oncomelania hupensis snails,and two snail infested sites were found,while no infected snails were found. Totally 3 524 residents were tested by ELISA for Schistosoma japonicum infection,and 38 cases were posi?tive. The positive rate of 2013 was significantly higher than those of other three years( χ2 = 15.08,P < 0.05). Totally 432 rats and 28 dogs were dissected and 1 697 cattle were examined by the stool test,but no positive cases were found. Conclusions The indicators of schistosomiasis surveillance are basically stable in Yizhou City.

Objective To investigate the changing features of microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) expression, which was a neural dendrite marker, of epileptic rat and the intervention results after using Diazepam. The relations between MAP2 and epileptogenesis were also explored.Methods Model of epileptic rat was established by Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and divided into PTZ-NA group,PTZ-Diazepam group, Diazepam-PTZ group and normal control group. Immunohistochemistry method was applied on hippocampus of epileptic rats to determine the change of MAP2 immunoreactivity (MAP2-IR) with or without Diazepam intervention at various time points. MAP2-IR was showed by mean optical density (COD).Results In the PTZ-NA group and PTZ-Diazepam group, MAP2-IR in molecular cell layer of hippocampal dentate gyrus increased after 3 days (all P

Objective To evaluate the relationship between intraplaque hemorrhage of cerebral arteries and acute cerebral infarcts. Methods 35 patients with severe stenosis in M1 segment of middle cerebral arteries (MCA)were included in this study.Intracranial TOF MRA (time of flight MR angiography)was performed to detect the stenosis in MCA,and DWI (diffusion weighted imaging) was performed to detect cerebral acute infarcts.T1 MPRAGE sequence was positioned on the stenosis in M1 segment of MCA,and intraplaque hemorrhage was determined according to high signal on T1 MRRAGE images.35 patients were divided into two groups:one group with intraplaque hemorrhage and the other group without intraplaque hemorrhage.Whether there was significant differ-ence in the incidences of acute cerebral infarcts between the two groups were determined byχ2 test.Results Intraplaque hemorrhage was detected in 1 5 patients,in which 12 patients had acute cerebral infarcts.There were no intraplaque hemorrhage in 20 patients,in which 9 patients had acute cerebral infarcts.There was significant difference in the incidences of acute cerebral infarcts between the two groups (P =0.046 <0.05).Conclusion There is a higher incidence of acute cerebral infarcts in patients with intraplaque hem-orrhage than those without intraplaque hemorrhage.Intraplaque hemorrhage in severe stenosis of cerebral arteries is a high-risk indi-cation for acute cerebral infarction.

BACKGROUND: Agiotensin Ⅰ -converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides which are separated from red tilapia skin collagen should be researched further.OBJECTIVE: To obtain a peptide of high ACE inhibitory activity through enzymic hydrolysates of red tilapia skin collagen.DESIGN: Enzymic hydrolysates were done with orthogonal experimental method; decompression peptide was separated with ultrafiltration, gel chromatography and hypertensive liquid chromatography.SETTING: Laboratory of Aquatic Products, Chinese Marine University.MATERIALS: The red tilapia weighing (500+50)g was donated by Branch Factory of Jimo Redian Factory. ACE was isolated from hog lung.METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Aquatic Products, Chinese Marine University from May Bergman.①The collagen from red tilapia skin was extracted using the method described by Grossman and Bergman.The collagen extraction was hydrolyzed with compound enzymes in the order of bromelain and Alcalase 2.4 L.The red tilapia collagen hydrolysates (RTCH) were subsequently boiled to inactivate the enzyme. The resultant RTCH was fractionated through three different UF membrane bioreactor system having a range of molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO) of Mr 6 000, 4 000 and 1 000. Three portions were obtained: RTCH-I (M, 6000-4000), RTCH- Ⅱ (Mr 4000-1000)and RTCH-Ⅲ(Mr＜1000).②The ACE inhibitory 50%of ACE activity was defined as the IC50 value.③RTCH-Ⅲ(1.5 Ml) with the highest activity among RTCHs was loaded onto a Sephadex G-25 column (1.6×100 cm), and the absorbance of theeluent was monitored at 220 nm. Four samples of primary hydrolysates, RTCH- Ⅰ, RTCH- Ⅱ and RTCHⅢ were separated to collect active fractions which were pooled and lyophilized, immediately. The lyophilized fraction was separated with HPLC ODS-C18 analysis column to obtain component of high activity. Meanwhile, the same method was used to measure ACE inhibitory rate.④Each sample was hydrolyzed with 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid containing 1g/L thioglycolic acid at 110 ℃ for 24 hours in vacuum. The amino acid compositions of the resultant hydrolysates were determined on an amino acid auto analyzer, and molecular weight was measured with HPLC technique.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：①ACE inhibitory activity of fractionated RTCHS;②Purification of ACE inhibitory peptide;③Amino acid analysis of ACE inhibitory peptides.RESULTS:①ACE inhibitory activityof fractionated RTCHs:IC50values of RTCH-Ⅰ,RTCH-Ⅱand RTCH-Ⅲ were 3.30,2.23 and 0.31 g/L,and inhibitory of RTCH-Ⅲ was the highest.②Purification of ACE inhibitory peptide: The IC50 value of the four peak were 3.5, 2.12, 1.56 and 0.65 g/L, respectively. Results in Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed that the high active fractions were: 6K4, 4K2, 1K2 and ACF2, and the inhibitory ratio were 11.1%, 89.9%, 65.0% and 49.7%, respectively.Among of these fractions,the 4K2 exhibited the highest inhibitory rate.③Amino acid analysis of ACE inhibitory peptides: Separated peptide products had more aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids.CONCLUSTON: Enzymic hydrolysates of red tilapia skin collagen have high ACE inhibitory peptide which is separated with ultrafiltration, gel chromatography and hypertensive liquid chromatography.

Objective To investigate the prognosis of two decompression approaches for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods 86 cases were divided into two groups. 40 cases were underwent decompression by anterior decompression, fusion and internal fixation with titanium screws and plate and 46 cases underwent posterior single opendoor laminoplasty. To investigate the prognosis of two decompression approaches for single compressive segment, two compressive segments, three compressive segments and four compressive segments. Results All cases were followed up for 20 ～ 73 months with an average of 43 months. The mean JOA recovery rate was significant different between single compressive segment group (P ＜ 0.05), and no significant difference between two compressive segments and three compressive segments(P ＞ 0.05), and significant difference between four compressive segments groups (P ＜0.05). Conclusion For single compressive segment, the anterior surgery has a good surgical result,for two or three compressive segments, anterior and posterior surgery had same effect, for the four compressive segments, posterior surgical effect was good.

Apoptosis of cancer cells between the gastric and intestinal-type human gastric carcinoma were compared in terms of the expression of oncogene MDM2 and CD68, the histological types, the infiltration depth, and lymph node metastasis. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay was employed to stain apoptotic cells. Histochemical method(AB-PAS) was applied to stain mucus that is neutral or acidic in nature. Immunohistochemical method (SABC) was used to detect expression of MDM2 and CD6. The results showed that the mean apoptosis index (AI) of total 48 cases was 8.60+/-2.60. AI in the 30 intestinal type cases was significantly higher than that in the 18 gastric type cases (t=4.67, P<0.01). In the 30 intestinal type cases, the spontaneous apoptosis index of MDM2 negative cases was significantly higher than that of the positive cases (t=7.16, P<0.01). And in the 18 gastric type cases, the same result was found. (t=11.39, P<0.01). The MDM2 positive ratio in gastric type cases was higher than that in intestinal type cases (chi2=4.68, P<0.05). There is no significant difference in AI between cases of lymph node metastasis and non-metastasis cases in intestinal type cases (t=0.26, P>0.05). But in the gastric type cases, a significant difference existed (t=5.87, P<0.01). A significant difference in lymph node metastasis ratio was found between the two gastric carcinoma types (chi2=4.48, P<0.05). The CD68 expression ratio in the 30 intestinal type cases was much lower than that in the 18 gastric type cases (t=4.29, P<0.01). AI of 25 MDM2-positive cases was much lower than that of the 23 MDM2-negative cases (t=7.80, P<0.01). CD68 positive ratio in the 25 MDM2-negative cases was much lower than that in the 23 negative cases. The difference was statistically significant (t=10.90, P<0.01). Except for few cells scattering within the cancer nest, most CD68 positive cells infiltrated in the interstitium around the cancer tissue. In the high-AI cases, CD68-positive cells increased. And the CD68-positive cells decreased in low-AI cases (r=0.96, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis suggested that among the control variables, only AI was a statistically significant factor in the regression model (chi2=9.64, P<0.01). We concluded that (1) the spontaneous apoptosis index in gastric-type cases of gastric carcinoma was significantly lower than that in intestinal type cases; (2) AI in the two types was influenced by the expression of MDM2 and lymph node metastasis, but no visible connection was found between AI and the infiltration depth or histological types; (3) in the intestinal type cases, AI and the CD68-positive cells increased in MDM2-negative cases.

Aim: To prepare novel aqueous polymer dispersions with high flexibility for sustained-release coating and investigate their properties. Methods: The aqueous polymer dispersions were synthesized by the emulsion polymerization. The physico-chemical properties and film-forming potential of the dispersions were investigated while the mechanical properties of the formed film and the drug release behavior when atenolol pellets were coated with the aqueous polymer dispersions were evaluated. Results: The prepared aqueous polymer dispersions (methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate, 1:2) were found to have proper physico-chemical properties, excellent film-forming capability and satisfying mechanical properties. It could form free film with high flexibility and low viscosity in low temperature even in absence of the plasticizer. Sustained release of atenolol pellets was achieved when the pellets were coated the polymer dispersions. 4-h and 8-h cumulative releases were more than 50% and 80%, respectively. There was no significant difference in release between pellets prior to and post compression of the coated pellets. Conclusion: The resulting aqueous polymer dispersions could be used as sustained-release coating material with high flexibility suitable for tableting.

Skin temperature is relative to blood circulation. The temperature of transplanted skin is one of the most important indexes describing blood circulation after operation. This paper introduces a blood circulation monitor for transplanted skin, which monitors blood circulation through continuous testing of temperature.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation board (CPR Board) is an essential tool in emergency care, which can keep the patient's airway open and support the patient in the administration of CPR. This paper introduces the structure, performances and clinical trials of a CPR board.