A polyimide coated stir bar for sorptive extraction (SBSE) was prepared by immersion precipitation method, and evaluated by using 5 phenols and chlorinated phenols as model samples. The extraction efficiency of the prepared stir bar was the highest compared with commercial extraction phases of SBSE. Experimental parameters including stir speed, ionic strength, extraction temperature, extraction time, desorption temperature and time were optimized. Under the optimal conditions such as 100 mL of sample, 30 g of NaCl, extraction time of 30 min, stirring speed of 800 r/ min and at 25℃, the target compounds were recovered by thermal desorption at 300℃ for 4 min, more than two orders of magnitude of linearity was obtained (R≥0. 9995), LOQs (S/ N=10) were 0. 028-0. 123 μg/ L, and RSDs were in the range of 1. 6% -9. 7% . The polyimide SBSE coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to the extraction/ enrichment and analysis of phenols in real samples, including tap water, sea water, and waste water. It was found that the polyimide SBSE showed high selectivity towards polar compounds and high thermostability up to 350℃.

OBJECTIVE To explore a management method for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in hospital. METHODS We applied the PDCA (plan,do,check and action) model to establish a management strategy for the prevention and control of infectious diseases for three years. The components of the management model included providing educational program for medical staff,designing and realizing direct network system for infectious disease reporting,monitoring diagnosed infectious diseases ,analyzing their epidemic tendency,guiding medical staff to prevent and control infectious diseases,and strengthening the surveillance,feedback,rewards and punishment. RESULTS The rate of delayed or missed report of infectious diseases was decreased from 5% to 1.1% by monthly check and from 6.8% to 0% by seasonally cross check. Although 46 cases of AIDS,5 cases of caesarean birth with HIV possitive and 1445 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease were admitted in our hospital,No medical staff and other patients was crossly infected. CONCLUSIONS Our way of management based on PDCA model can strengthen the prevention and control of infectious diseases and assure medical quality and patient safety.

BACKGROUND: Microglia is the immune effect cell in central nervous system, if it is activated, it will release neuron poisoning factors and inflammatory factors, and bring fatal injury.OBJECTIVE: To investigated the effect of focal cerebral reperfusion on activation of microglia and the effect of the regulation of electroacupuncturing Shuigou and Baihui.DESIGN: A randomized and controlled study.SETTING: The department of Physioltherapy, the 458 Hospital of Chinese PLA; Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Tongji University; The department of Histology-embryology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology.MATERIALS: This experiment was processed at Histology-embryology Center of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in March 2002. Total 80 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups with 10 in each group.METHODS: ① Normal control group: The rats were not given any treatment and killed next day. ② Sham operation group: Only artery was separated, no suture inserted, killed next day. ③ 6, 12 and 24-hour reperfusion groups: The rats' right middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemia-reperfusion model was made by embolus suture technique, then the rat was killed after 30 minutes' occlusion at MCA and reperfusing respectively 6, 12, 24hours. ④ 6-hour reperfusion + electroacupuncture group: Electroacupuncture was carried out immediately after the model was made, then the rat was killedafter 30 minutes' occlusion at MCA and reperfusion 6 hours (The frequency was 4 Hz-16 Hz. Stimulus intensity increased 1 V per 10minutes and the final intensity was 3V. The stimulus was lasted 30 minutes). ⑤ 12-hour reperfusion + electroacupuncture B group: Electroacupuncture was carried out immediately after the model was made and 8 hours later, then the rat was killed after 30 minutes' occlusion at MCA and reperfusion 12 hours. ⑥ 24-hour reperfusion + electroacupuncture group: Electroacupuncture was carried out immediately after the model was made and 8, 16 hours later, then the rat was killed after 30 minutes' occlusion at MCA and reperfusion 24 hours.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To calculate numbers of microglia and to observe its morphological changes.RESULTS: Data of totally 67 rats was entered the results analysis. No microglia was seen in the normal and sham operation groups. Large quantity of microglia was activated at the border of ischemic area in 6, 12 and 24reperfusion group, their quantity was largely increased, reaching apex at reperfusion 12 hours [(35.38±1.77), (54.25±1.67), (49.29±2.21)/200sights]. The quantity in every 6, 12 and 24 reperfusion + electroacupuncture group was less than that in model group [(32.11±2.80), (50.88±2.64),(45.45±3.95)/200 sights, P ＜ 0.05].CONCLUSION: The microglia in brain is activated after the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and induces toxic effect on neurons. The electroacupuncture can decrease activation of microglia so as to protect the neurons.

Objective To investigate the effects of Inula Britannica on myocardial caspase-3 and cytochrome c ( cyt c) following overtraining-induced acute myocardial injury in rats.Methods Forty-eight male Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were randomly divided into 3 groups:group control (group C,n =8) ; group exhausting swim (group E,n =24) and group Inula Britannica (group IB,n =16).The animal model of overtraining-indnced acute myocardial injury was developed by exhausting swim.The animals were forced to swim until they were exhausted.The animals sank to the bottom and no righting reflex or escape response was elicited when they were taken out of water in groups E and IB.In group IB oral Inula Britannica 25 ml/kg was given 24 h and immediately before overtraining.Blood samples were taken from inferior vena cava immediately and at 6,24 h after overtraining in group E and at 6,24 h after overtraining in group IB for determination of serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration (by ELISA).The animals were sacrificed after blood sampling and myocardial specimens were obtained for microscopic examination and determination of caspase-3 and cyt c expression (by immuno-histochemistry).Results Overtraining significantly increased serum cTnI concentration and up-regulated myocardial caspase-3 and cyt c expression in group E as compared with group C.Oral Inula Britannica significantly attenuated overtraining-induced increase in serum cTnI concentration and myocardial caspase-3 and cyt c expression in group IB as compared with group E.Conclusion Inula Britannica can reduce overtraining-induced acute myocardial injury by down-regulating caspase-3 and cyt c expression.

Objective To investigate the relation between apolipoproteinC3 (-482C>T ) polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its clinical characteristics in the Han Chinese population. Methods Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE)were used to analyse the genotype of the apolipoproteinC3 (-482C>T) variants. Results No relation between the apolipopreoteinC3 (-482C>T) polymorphism and NAFLD was found. However, NAFLD patients carrying T allele were more susceptible to insulin resistant (IR), hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) than homozygote CC genotype. Conclusion There was no relation between the apolipopreoteinC3 (-482C>T)polymorphism and NAFLD in Han Chinese population, but T-carriers were more susceptible to metabolic disorder.

To examine the aging-related changes of microglia and astrocytes in hypothalamus of rats after intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline in rats, old- and young-aged rats were injected with hypertonic saline solution into peritoneal cavity. Lectin histochemical techniques using Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA-1) and immunocytochemical method employing antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were used to demonstrate microglia and astrocytes in the hypothalamus of the rats, and the positively-stained cells were analyzed by computer-assisted image analysis system. Our results showed that the numbers of microglia and astrocytes were significantly increased in the hypothalamus of old-aged rats. After intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline, the number of microglia was significantly decreased in the hypothalamus of both young- and old-aged groups. After introperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline, the number of GFAP positive cells was significantly increased in the hypothalamus of young rats, but the number of GFAP positive cells did not show significant change in the hypothalamus of old rats. It is concluded that in the hypothalamus of old-aged rats, the increase of microglia may be related with the aging or degeneration of neurons, and the increase of astrocytes may provide more nourishment required by the aged neurons. The microglia and astrocytes in the hypothalamus of the two group rats may be affected by hypertonic saline, and the response of these cells to the stimuli is characterized by some aging-related changes.

OBJECTIVE A surveillance study was performed for nosocomial infections in order to investigate the change in antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae,especially the strains isolated from 1999 to 2004.METHODS K-B test was used for the antibiotics susceptibility test and the results were read based on National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards(NCCLS) of the USA.The situation of ESBLs-producing strains of K.pneumoniae was investigated.RESULTS Totally 326 K.pneumoniae strains showed the highest susceptibility to imipenem.Ceftazidime,cefepime,and cefoperazone/sulbactam also showed excellent activity against K.pneumoniae.The prevalence of ESBLs from 326 strains was 20.2%.CONCLUSIONS It is important to study the drug resistance in nosocomial infections by K.pneumoniae.

ObjectiveTo investigate effects of anisodamine on myocardial caspase-1 and interleukin-18 expression following overtraining-induced acute myocardial injury in rats.Methods Forty-eight male Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were randomly divided into 3 groups:group control (group C,n =8) ; group exhausting swim (group ES,n =24) and group anisodamine (group AD,n =16).The animal model of overtraining-induced acute myocardial injury was developed by exhausting swim The animals were forced to swim until they were exhausted.The animals sank to the bottom and no righting reflex or escape response was elicited when they were taken out of water in groups ES and AD.In group AD anisodamine 10 mg/kg was given intraperitoneally 20 min before overtraining.Blood samples were taken from inferior vena cava immediately (T1) and at 6 and 24 h after overtraining (T2,T3 ) in group ES and at T2,T3 in group AD for determination of serum cardiac troponin 1 (cTnI) concentration (by ELISA).The animals were sacrificed after blood sampling and myocardial specimens were obtained for microscopic examination and determination of caspase-1 and interleukin-18 expression (by immuno-histochemistry).ResultsOvertraining significantly increased serum cTnI concentration and up-regulated myocardial caspase-1 and interleukin-18 expression in group ES as compared with group C.Anisodamine significantly attenuated overtraining-induced increase in serum cTnI concentration and myocardial caspase-1 and interleukin-18 expression in group AD as compared with group ES.ConclusionAnisodamine can reduce overtraining-induced acute myocardial injury by down-regulating caspase-1 and interleukin-18 expression.

Objective To investigate the effect of different pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum on function of liver and kidney in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy.Methods A total of sixty pa-tients,aged 40-65 years,scheduled for elective laparoscopic gastrectomy were randomly divided into three groups (n=20).The pressures of CO2 pneumoperitoneum were set at 6-8,9-11 and 12-14 mm Hg in group L,group M and group H respectively.The venous blood samples before pneumoperitoneum (T1 ),1 hour after pneumoperitoneum(T2 ),2 hour after pneumoperitoneum (T3 ),1 hour(T4 )and 24 hours(T5 )after stopping pneumoperitoneum were collected for determination of serum concentrations of NAG,Cys-C, ALT,AST,Cr,BUN and the amount of urine.pH,PaCO2 ,PaO2 were recorded at T1-T4 .Results ALT, AST,Cr and BUN were not different at T1-T5 in the three groups.Compared with group L,the concentra-tion of NAG and Cys-C at T2-T5 were significantly higher in the group M and H (P <0.05).Compared with group L,the amount of urine at T2-T5 was significantly lower in the group M and H (P <0.05 ), PaCO2 was significantly increased in the group H and M at T2-T4 (P <0.05).Conclusion The pressure of 6-8 mm Hg CO2 pneumoperitoneum can alleviate the damage of function of liver and kidney in patients un-dergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy.

Objective: To observe the clinical effect and infra-red thermogram changes for acute lumbar sprain. Methods: All 295 cases with acute lumbar sprain were randomly divided into an electroacupuncture group (147 cases) and medication group (148 cases). The cases in electroacupuncture group were treated by needling Houxi (SI 3), whereas those in the medication group were treated with Meloxicam tablet. The infra-red thermogram was observed before and after treatment. Results: The recovery and effective rates in the electroacupuncture group were 71.4% and 93.9%, whereas the rates in the medication groups were 42.6% and 87.2% (P＜0.01). The temperature differences via the thermogram in the electroacupuncture and medication groups were 2.52℃ and 0.80℃ (P＜0.01), indicating a significant difference.Conclusion: Both electroacupuncture and medication could obtain significant effect for acute lumbar sprain; however, electroacupuncture obtained a better overall effect and a more substantial temperature-raising effect in the thermogram than medication.