The cancer stem cell theory suggests that cancer develops from a subset of tumor cells that possess characteristics of stem cells. Breast cancer stem cells comprise a sub-population, which possesses the capacity of self-renewal and the potential for differentiation and high tumorigenicity. Evidence from bothin vitro andin vivo studies demonstrates breast cancer stem cells are responsible for tumor relapse, invasion and metastasis, chemo- and radio-resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, this review highlighted the recent advances in breast cancer stem cells.

Nanotechnology has been extensively applied in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and is currently a major focus of research worldwide.Among the various nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are of particular interest to many researchers due to their superior properties of low cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility, and preferential accumulation in tumors (the enhanced permeability and retention effect), which in turn gives GNPs a potential application in cancer diagnostics, imaging, photothermal therapy, and radiotherapy.Many published studies have shown that GNPs can be used as a new ideal radiosensitizer, and therefore understanding the radiosensitizing effects of GNPs both in vitro and in vivo will be of great significance in the clinical translation of nanomedicine.

Objective To investigate the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields(PEMF)on the bone mineral density(BMD)and serum level of transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-?1)in the disuse osteoporosis(DOP)rats.Methods Eighty 4-month-old female SD rats were randomly divided into 4 matched groups according to their weight:control group(INT group),DOP group,calcitonin group(CT group)and PEMF group.Rats in INT group were raised with the average amount of food consumed by the DOP rats.Right hindlimbs of rats in DOP,CT and PEMF groups were immobilized by tibia-tail fixation to establish DOP model as Zarzhevsky described.Rats in CT group were injected with calcitonin(2 IU/kg,i.p,once a day),and rats in group PEMF were irradiated with PEMF(8 Gs,15 Hz,a pulse time of 8 ms)immediately after operation.The rats(5 animals per time of each group)were killed at 1,2,4 and 8 weeks after operation and their right hindlimbs were resected.The BMD and serum TGF-?1 concentration were measured with a dual energy X-ray bone densitometer and ELISA respectively.Results Significant difference was observed in the femur proximal BMD between rats with right hindlimb immobilization(DOP group)and INT group 2 weeks later(P

OBJECTIVE: To enhance the dissolution rate and efficacy of nimodipine (NMDP) which is a poorly water-soluble substance, and to design the formulations with fast-release properties. METHOD: NMDP-PVP-k30 coprecipitate and physical mixture were prepared. The physical states of NMDP in both newly-made and one-year-old samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. The dissolution rates of NMDP from coprecipitate and from physical mixture were also compared. Five formulations were prepared on the basis of NMDP-PVP-k30 coprecipitate and their in vitro drug dissolution behaviors were examined. Also, the dissolution property of the capsules with one selected composition was examined. The selected capsules were compared with two commercial tablets on their drug release processes. RESULTS: NMDP-PVP-k30 coprecipitate gave much higher improvement in the dissolution rate than the physical mixture, and NMDP was released 89% from the coprecipitate and 45% from the physical mixture in five minutes respectively. There was no appearance of crystallization in the coprecipitate after one year storage under experimental conditions. The tablet formulation with the highest drug dissolution rate was selected. The capsules with the same composition as the selected tablet showed a higher drug dissolution rate, which indicated that drug release property was influenced by the compressing pressure. The results showed that the dissolution rate of NMDP from the selected capsules was about three to four times of that from the two commercial tablets.CONCLUSION: The dissolution rate of NMDP can be improved greatly by coprecipitation using PVP-k30 as a carrier.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Enalapril Maleate and Folic Acid Tablets in the treatment of type H hypertension complicated with coronary heart disease.MethodsA total of 80 patients with type H hypertension complicated with coronary heart disease admitted in our hospital from January 2014 to January 2016 were selected.They were randomly divided into control group and observation group.The control group was treated with enalapril maleate, while the observation group was treated with Enalapril Maleate and Folic Acid Tablets.The total effective rate of two groups of patients were analyzed and compared.ResultsAfter 6 months of treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group, the total effective rate of the observation group was 95.00%, and the total effective rate of the control group was 77.50%(P<0.05), the difference was statistically significant.ConclusionThe effect of Enalapril Maleate and Folic Acid Tablets in the treatment of type H hypertension complicated with coronary heart disease is obvious, and it can improve the total effective rate of the treatment.

The specific immunotherapy is the etiological treatment and remission the symptoms of anaphylactic disease. It includes subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT). SLIT is a new pathway. Many studies have confirmed its effectiveness in the treatment of anaphylactic disease. Due to its mild side effect, it is used commonly.

In March 2009,a new influenza A H1N1 virus was identified in Mexico.It is a quadruple-reassortant influenza A virus, which is composed of a combination of swine, avian strains and human. The clinical symptoms of the 2009 new influenza A (H1N1) are similar with the seasonal influenza.The severe illness could happened in youth and middle-aged without underlying diseases that differs from seasonal influenza. The risk groups are individuals with underlying diseases,pregnancy and obesity which has not been considered as risk factor in previous. Although oseltamivir-resistant variant influenza A ( H1N1 ) were reported, strain is susceptible to oseltamivir. This review summarizes the current information concerning viral genom,clinical features and treatment of the new pandemic influenza virus A H1N1 infection.

Objective To study the value of CT and MRI in diagnosis of Caroli disease. Methods CT and MR findings in 10 patients with histologically proved Caroli disease were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients underwent both liver plane CT and contrast-enhanced CT. Five of 10 patients underwent MR imaging with Flash 2D T_1WI(TR/TE 148/4ms), True Fisp T_2WI(TR/TE 5.8/2.9ms) and MRCP(TR/TE 1120/86ms) sequences. Results The imaging paremeters of Caroli disease were multiple saccular/columnar dilatation of intrahepatic biliary ducts and communication with each other, which only partly were depicted at CT, however, all imaging findings were depicted at MRI True Fisp and MRCP without contrast-enhanced scanning. Of 10 patients, 4 cases were type Ⅰ of Caroli disease with hepatolith, but without hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertention; 6 cases type Ⅱ,all complicated with hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Of 6 patients with type Ⅱ Caroli disease, 4 cases had not hepatolith, and 2 cases had hepatolith. Of 10 patients, 3 cases had bilateral sponge kidney. Conclusion Caroli disease could be identified by CT or MRI, but MRI was superior to CT in depicting Caroli disease.

Objective To investigate rare etiological causes of giant gastric ulcers. Methods A retrospective investigation was made on 4986 endoscopically proved giant gastric ulcer in our hospital, from January 1976 to December 2000. The morphological features under endoscopy, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis were analyzed in 59 giant gastric ulcers with special causes. Results Thirty two cases of gastric eosinophilic granuloma,8 gastric carcinoid tumor,8 gastric schistosomiasis, 5 gastric Crohn's disease,4 gastric lymphoma and 2 gastric Behcet's disease were identified. Ten gastric eosinophilic granuloma,3 gastric carcinoid tumor,3 gastric schistosomiasis, 5 gastric Crohn's disease,3 gastric lymphoma , 1 gastric Behcet's disease were misdiagnosed at initial endoscopy.Conclusions Rare etiological causes of giant gastric ulcers could be divided into 3 categories: non-epithelium gastric tumor, gastric granulomatous disease and gastric vascular disease. Careful observation ulcer endoscopy, history inquiry, physical examination, comprehensive analysis and laboratory examination may provide useful information for the diagnosis. Biopsy may be falsely negative in some cases.

Catheterization ; Endoscopy ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; complications ; drug therapy ; surgery ; therapy ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; drug therapy ; etiology ; surgery ; therapy ; Humans ; Octreotide ; therapeutic use ; Somatostatin ; therapeutic use ; Vasopressins ; therapeutic use